Luke 8 — Clausal Layout (English)

independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended

Flush-left = a main (independent) clause. Each dependent line begins directly beneath the word it attaches to in the line above — the anchor word is dotted-underlined, and lights up when you hover its dependent clause; each tag also names the attachment. A dashed border marks verbless, elliptical, or suspended lines. Where a long sentence's staircase runs wider than the page, the diagram scrolls sideways. (In print, or without JavaScript, lines fall back to stepped indent columns.)

The women who provided 8:1–3

vv. 1–3 — only Luke: the itinerant kingdom-tour and the women who funded it

And it came about afterwardindependent — the Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο frame, flush-left; καθεξῆς, a Lukan word (1:3), opens a new itinerant phase

that he himself was traveling through, city by city and village by village,independent — apodotic καί (Semitic); intensive αὐτός; durative imperfect διώδευεν with distributive κατά

preaching and proclaiming the good news of the kingdom of God,participial — twin participles of manner — the tour's content: εὐαγγελίζομαι, a Lukan favorite

and the Twelve with him,independent — verbless — the Twelve appended to the itinerancy; σύν αὐτῷ, the company defined

and some womenindependent — verbless, coordinate with οἱ δώδεκα — the women stand in the same σύν-αὐτῷ company

who had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities —relative — periphrastic pluperfect — the cure stands as a settled state

Mary called Magdalene,phrase modifier — the named list opens — Magdalene first, as at 24:10

from whom seven demons had gone out,relative — pluperfect ἐξεληλύθει — seven, a totality of bondage now past-completed

and Joanna the wife of Chuza, Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others,phrase modifier — Joanna reaches into Antipas's own household; Susanna named only here

who were supporting them out of their own means.relative — qualitative ὅστις; habitual imperfect διηκόνουν — αὐτοῖς (NA28; var. αὐτῷ): the women bankroll the mission

The sower, the purpose of parables, and the four soils decoded 8:4–15

vv. 4–8 — the sower: one seed, four fates, told to a gathering crowd

And as a great crowd was gathering and people from town after town were making their way to him,participial — double genitive absolute — forward-leaning on εἶπεν; the audience assembles distributively (κατὰ πόλιν)

he spoke by a parable:independent — the speech-frame that carries the whole parable — διὰ παραβολῆς, means not manner

'The sower went out to sow his seed.content — the parable opens asyndetic; τοῦ + infinitive of purpose kept in line — the story runs coordinate inside the speech (mark4 precedent)

And as he sowed, some fell along the path,content — soil 1 — ἐν τῷ + infinitive temporal kept with its verb; ὃ μέν anticipates the series

and it was trampled,content — Luke's own touch — trampled underfoot before the birds arrive

and the birds of the sky devoured it.content — κατεσθίω — eaten up entirely; the devil in the decoding (v. 12)

And other seed fell down on the rock,content — soil 2 — Luke's singular πέτρα (bedrock) for Mark's πετρῶδες

and once grown it withered,content — the preposed aorist participle φυέν kept with its verb — growth and withering in one breath

because it had no moisture.cause — διά + articular infinitive, split out where it follows its verb — ἰκμάς (moisture) for Mark's missing ῥίζα

And other seed fell in the midst of the thorns,content — soil 3 — ἐν μέσῳ, planted right among the rivals

and the thorns, growing up with it, choked it.content — συμφυεῖσαι — grown up together: simultaneous rivalry, then the throttling aorist

And other seed fell into the good soil,content — soil 4 — γῆ ἀγαθή, the fruitful counterpart

and when it grew it produced fruit a hundredfold.'content — Luke keeps only the climactic figure — a hundredfold, no thirty or sixty

Saying these things,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἐφώνει

he called out:independent — imperfect ἐφώνει — he kept crying the summons over the crowd

'The one who has ears to hear, let him hear.'content — the hearing-seal, kept whole — the chapter's leitmotif (vv. 15, 18, 21)

vv. 9–10 — the purpose of parables: mysteries given, the rest in riddles

And his disciples were asking himindependent — durative imperfect — the inquiry presses

what this parable might be.content — indirect question with oblique optative εἴη — a Lukan literary touch

And he said:independent — the answer-frame for everything through v. 15

'To you it has been given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God,content — fronted ὑμῖν; perfect δέδοται, divine passive — the gift stands granted; plural μυστήρια (Mark's singular)

but to the rest in parables,content — elliptical — supply 'it is given'; οἱ λοιποί, Luke's cooler term for Mark's οἱ ἔξω

so that seeing they may not see and hearing they may not understand.'purpose — Isa 6:9 — the hard ἵνα taken as genuinely telic (judicial hardening); Luke softens Mark only by dropping the μήποτε clause

vv. 11–15 — the sower decoded: the seed is the word of God

Now this is the parable:content — the decoding announced — the speech continues coordinate under εἶπεν

The seed is the word of God.content — the master-equation: σπόρος = ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ, explicit where Mark leaves it implied

And those along the path are the ones who hear;content — hearing 1 — the hearers identified with their soil

then the devil comescontent — vivid present — Mark's Satan is Luke's διάβολος; the birds decoded

and takes away the word from their heart,content — ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας — Luke locates the sowing in the heart

so that they may not believe and be saved.purpose — the devil's own purpose clause — faith and salvation, Luke's soteriological pair, named as what is prevented

And those on the rock —content — hearing 2 — the subject suspended, its predicate carried by the relatives

who, when they hear, receive the word with joy;relative — the ὅταν-clause folded inside its relative (mark4 v. 16 precedent) — joy at speed, without depth

and these have no root,content — resumptive οὗτοι — ῥίζα supplies the root Luke's parable withheld (v. 6 gave only ἰκμάς)

who believe for a whilerelative — πρὸς καιρόν — believers of a season; Luke alone says πιστεύουσιν here

and in a time of testing fall away.relative — καιρός answers καιρόν; ἀφίστανται — apostasy, Luke's clinical verb for Mark's σκανδαλίζονται

And what fell among the thorns —content — hearing 3 — casus pendens (dashed), resumed by οὗτοι

these are the ones who hear,content — the resumption — a genuine hearing, soon smothered

and as they go along they are choked by cares and riches and pleasures of lifecontent — the thorns named in triple — πορευόμενοι: choked in the course of living; one long clause kept whole

and bring no fruit to maturity.content — τελεσφορέω — fruit begun but never ripened; Luke's agricultural precision

But what is in the good soil —content — hearing 4 — the last casus pendens (dashed)

these are the onescontent — the resumption, the predicate carried by the relative

who with a noble and good heart, having heard the word, hold it fastrelative — καλὸς κἀγαθός — the Greek moral ideal baptized; κατέχουσιν, the grip the devil's αἴρει (v. 12) failed to break

and bear fruit with endurance.'relative — ἐν ὑπομονῇ — Luke's distinctive close: the hundredfold is borne over time, not overnight

The lamp and the measure of hearing 8:16–18

vv. 16–18 — the lamp: revelation is the point, so watch how you hear

Now no one, having lit a lamp, covers it with a vesselindependent — the unframed saying stands mainline; preposed ἅψας kept in line — gnomic present

or puts it under a bed,independent — the second absurdity — Luke's household σκεῦος and κλίνη for Mark's μόδιος

but sets it on a lampstand,independent — the lamp's proper place — the repeated τίθησιν pivots from negative to positive

so that those who come in may see the light.purpose — Luke's own purpose clause — οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι: the lamp is for those entering, the word for outsiders coming in

For nothing is hiddencause — γάρ grounds the lamp-saying — concealment in the kingdom is provisional

that will not become manifest,relative — predictive future — disclosure as destiny

nor secretcause — elliptical — ἐστιν carried over from the parallel

that will not surely be knownrelative — emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive — the strongest denial Greek has

and come to light.relative — εἰς φανερόν — into the open; the secret's destiny is publication

Take heed thereforeindependent — οὖν draws the moral — βλέπετε of hearing: watch how you hear (Mark 4:24 has 'what')

how you hear;content — indirect question — the content of the vigilance

For whoever has,conditional — conditional relative (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on δοθήσεται

to him it will be given,independent — divine passive — increase to the receptive hearer

and whoever has not,conditional — the dark counterpart — forward-leaning on ἀρθήσεται

even what he seems to have will be taken from him.independent — ascensive καί; Luke's δοκεῖ ἔχειν — the having was only seeming; embedded relative kept in line

Jesus' true family 8:19–21

vv. 19–21 — kinship redefined: hearing and doing the word

And his mother and brothers came to him,independent — singular παρεγένετο with compound subject — construction according to the first-named

and they could not reach him because of the crowd.independent — the crowd that came to hear (v. 4) now bars the family — the irony the pronouncement will resolve

And it was reported to him:independent — impersonal aorist passive — the message relayed through the crush

'Your mother and your brothers are standing outside,content — perfect ἑστήκασιν — they stand planted ἔξω, literally outside the circle of hearers

wishing to see you.'participial — participle of purpose following its verb — the fronted ἰδεῖν carries the wish

But he answered and said to them:independent — the pleonastic ἀποκριθείς kept with its verb — the pronouncement-frame

'My mother and my brothers are these — the ones who hear the word of God and do it.'content — kept whole: anarthrous fronted Μήτηρ μου, then the definition — hearing-and-doing recaps the good soil (v. 15); Luke drops Mark's harsh 'Who is my mother?'

The stilling of the storm — 'Where is your faith?' 8:22–25

vv. 22–23 — the crossing and the squall

Now it came about on one of those daysindependent — the ἐγένετο frame again, flush-left — ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν, Luke's vague setting

that he himself got into a boat, and his disciples with him,independent — apodotic καί with intensive αὐτός — the pattern of v. 1 repeated

and he said to them:independent — the command-frame

'Let us cross over to the other side of the lake.'content — hortatory subjunctive — λίμνη, Luke's precise word for Galilee's lake, never θάλασσα

And they set out.independent — ἀνάγομαι — the nautical term: they put out to sea

And as they sailedparticipial — genitive absolute — forward-leaning on ἀφύπνωσεν

he fell asleep.independent — ingressive aorist ἀφύπνωσεν — the sleeping Lord before the storm (cf. Jonah 1:5)

And a windstorm came down on the lake,independent — κατέβη — the squall descends the ravines onto the basin; Luke the geographer

and they were being swampedindependent — durative imperfect — the boat filling as we watch

and were in danger.independent — the second imperfect — Luke states the peril Mark leaves to the waves

vv. 24–25 — the rebuke, the calm, the question

And coming to himparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on διήγειραν

they woke him,independent — διεγείρω — roused fully awake

saying:participial — the speech-participle

'Master, Master, we are perishing!'content — the doubled Ἐπιστάτα — Luke's address for Jesus (5:5; 9:33), repeated in panic; progressive ἀπολλύμεθα

And he, fully awakened,participial — preposed aorist participle — forward-leaning on ἐπετίμησεν

rebuked the wind and the raging of the water;independent — ἐπιτιμάω — the exorcism-verb (4:35, 39) turned on the elements; no quoted muzzle-word in Luke

and they ceased,independent — instant obedience — the plural sweeps wind and wave together

and there was a calm.independent — γαλήνη — Ps 107:29: he made the storm be still

And he said to them:independent — the rebuke turns from water to disciples

'Where is your faith?'content — verbless question — gentler than Mark's 'Do you not yet have faith?': the faith exists but has gone missing

And seized with fearparticipial — preposed aorist participle — forward-leaning on ἐθαύμασαν

they marveled,independent — fear passes into wonder — the numinous response

saying to one another:participial — the question circles among them, not to him

'Who then is this,content — the unanswered christological question — ἄρα draws the inference the reader must complete

that he commands even the winds and the water,content — consecutive ὅτι; ascensive καί — only God commands the sea (Job 38:11)

and they obey him?'content — ὑπακούουσιν — the elements as obedient subordinates; the question hangs over the crossing to come

The Gerasene demoniac delivered 8:26–39

vv. 26–29 — the landfall and the man among the tombs

And they sailed down to the country of the Gerasenes,independent — κατέπλευσαν — nautical 'put in to shore'; Γερασηνῶν read with NA28 (var. Γαδαρηνῶν, Γεργεσηνῶν)

which is opposite Galilee.relative — Luke's orientation for Gentile readers — ἀντιπέρα, across the lake: Gentile ground

And as he stepped out onto the land,participial — dative participle agreeing with the ὑπήντησεν-dative — forward-leaning; the encounter is immediate

a certain man from the city met himindependent — ὑπαντάω — the possessed man comes out to meet the exorcist

who had demons;participial — attributive participle — plural δαιμόνια already hints at Legion

and for a long time he had worn no clothing,independent — Luke's clinical detail — naked: the dehumanization the healing will reverse (v. 35, ἱματισμένον)

and he would not stay in a houseindependent — customary imperfect — no home

but among the tombs.independent — elliptical — ἔμενεν carried over: his dwelling is with the dead, uncleanness upon uncleanness

And seeing Jesus, he cried out,participial — two preposed participles — forward-leaning on προσέπεσεν; the shriek precedes the prostration

fell down before himindependent — προσπίπτω — prostration wrung from hostility, not devotion

and said with a loud voice:independent — the speech-frame the double γάρ of v. 29 will explain

'What have I to do with you, Jesus, Son of the Most High God?content — the verbless Semitic repulsion-formula (Judg 11:12); ὁ ὕψιστος — supernatural recognition in a Gentile-flavored title

I beg you,content — the demon turns suppliant

do not torment me.'content — prohibitive aorist subjunctive — βασανίζω: the tormentor pleads against torment

For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man.cause — narrative γάρ — the flashback that explains the outcry: the command had already gone forth

For many a time it had seized him,cause — the second γάρ, one deeper — pluperfect συνηρπάκει: the violent history behind the command

and he was kept bound with chains and shackles,cause — iterative imperfect — bound again and again, guarded in vain

and breaking the bonds he was driven by the demon into the wilderness.cause — the concessive participle kept in line — ἠλαύνετο: driven like a beast to the ἔρημοι, the demons' haunt

vv. 30–33 — Legion: the name, the plea, the swine

And Jesus asked him:independent — the counter-move — the exorcist demands the name

'What is your name?'content — dative of possession — the name extracted is power over the named

And he said:independent — the answer-frame

'Legion,'content — the one-word verbless answer — a Roman legion, c. 6,000: occupation-language for possession

because many demons had entered into him.cause — the narrator's aside decoding the name — singular verb, neuter plural subject

And they were begging himindependent — iterative imperfect, now plural — the demons speak as many

not to command them to depart into the abyss.content — ἵνα-object clause — ἡ ἄβυσσος, the demonic prison-deep (Rev 20:1–3): Luke's theological sharpening of Mark's 'out of the country'

Now a herd of many swine was feeding there on the hillside;independent — the scenic ἦν — swine confirm Gentile ground; the attributive βοσκομένη kept in line

and they begged himindependent — aorist now — the plea comes to its point

to permit them to enter those;content — the alternative request — anywhere but the abyss

and he permitted them.independent — ἐπέτρεψεν — permission, not commission; the demons' own choice destroys their refuge

And the demons, coming out of the man,participial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on εἰσῆλθον; the ἐξελθεῖν commanded at v. 29 happens

entered into the swine,independent — the transfer — out of the man, into the herd

and the herd rushed down the steep bank into the lakeindependent — ὁρμάω — the stampede; κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ, down the precipice

and was drowned.independent — ἀποπνίγω — the choking verb of the thorns (v. 7) closes on the demons' hosts; the destructive intent made visible

vv. 34–39 — fear, dismissal, and the first Gentile herald

And when those tending them saw what had happened,participial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on ἔφυγον

they fledindependent — the herdsmen bolt

and reported it in the city and in the countryside.independent — the news spreads both ways — the whole region summoned to the scene

And they went outindependent — the townsfolk come to verify

to see what had happened,purpose — infinitive of purpose — τὸ γεγονός repeated from v. 34: the perfect fact

and they came to Jesus,independent — the search ends at the healer

and found the man sittingindependent — εὗρον with supplementary participle — the tableau of restoration begins

from whom the demons had gone out,relative — the identifying relative — singular ἐξῆλθεν with neuter plural

clothed and in his right mind, at the feet of Jesus;participial — the supplementary participles complete the picture — clothed (against v. 27), sane (σωφρονέω), and in the disciple's posture (cf. 10:39)

and they were afraid.independent — ingressive — the restoration itself terrifies; fear answers grace

And those who had seen it reported to themindependent — the eyewitnesses recount

how the demon-possessed man had been delivered.content — indirect question — ἐσώθη: the exorcism named a salvation (cf. σέσωκεν, v. 48)

And the whole multitude of the surrounding region of the Gerasenes asked himindependent — ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος — the unanimity of the rejection; the place-name variant recurs

to depart from them,content — infinitive of indirect request — the region's one recorded prayer: that Jesus leave

for they were gripped with great fear;cause — συνέχω — held fast by fear as the man was held by Legion: fear, not faith, governs the response

and he, getting into a boat,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ὑπέστρεψεν; Jesus complies without protest

returned.independent — ὑποστρέφω — the verb of v. 39 and v. 40: the going back that seeds a mission

And the man was begging himindependent — durative imperfect ἐδεῖτο — the healed man's counter-plea to the region's dismissal

from whom the demons had gone outrelative — pluperfect ἐξεληλύθει — the deliverance stands complete (echoing Magdalene, v. 2)

to be with him;content — εἶναι σὺν αὐτῷ — the disciple's portion (v. 1); the one plea Jesus refuses

but he sent him away,independent — ἀπολύω — dismissal that is commissioning

saying:participial — the commission-frame

'Return to your house,content — the tomb-dweller (v. 27) is given back a house

and tell all that God has done for you.'content — διηγοῦ — narrate in full: ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός, the commission's terms

And he went away throughout the whole cityindependent — obedience that overflows the charge — the οἶκος becomes the πόλις

proclaiming all that Jesus had done for him.participial — κηρύσσων — Jesus' own verb (v. 1); 'what God did' told as 'what Jesus did': the silent identification, and the first Gentile herald

Jairus's daughter and the hemorrhaging woman 8:40–56

vv. 40–42 — Jairus's plea: the dying only daughter

Now as Jesus returned,conditional — temporal ἐν τῷ + infinitive (typed cnd; no temporal key) — forward-leaning on ἀπεδέξατο

the crowd welcomed him,independent — ἀποδέχομαι — the Galilean welcome against the Gerasene dismissal

for they were all waiting for him.cause — periphrastic imperfect — expectancy held open through the absence

And behold, there came a manindependent — the Lukan ἰδού spotlights the suppliant

whose name was Jairus,relative — verbless name-formula ᾧ ὄνομα — Jairus, 'he will awaken': the name is the story

and he was a ruler of the synagogue,independent — ὑπῆρχεν for ἦν — a synagogue ruler at Jesus' feet: rank surrendered to need

and falling at the feet of Jesusparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on παρεκάλει; the posture the healed demoniac holds at v. 35

he was begging himindependent — durative imperfect — the pleading goes on and on

to come into his house,content — infinitive of indirect request — the house Jesus will not reach before the death-report

because he had an only daughter, about twelve years old,cause — μονογενής — Luke's pathos-word (7:12; 9:38); twelve years, the number the woman's flow will match

and she was dying.cause — durative imperfect ἀπέθνῃσκεν — dying as he speaks; every delay costs

And as he went,conditional — temporal ἐν τῷ + infinitive (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on συνέπνιγον

the crowds were pressing in on him.independent — συμπνίγω — the choking verb of the thorns (vv. 7, 14) now literal: the crush that hides the woman

vv. 43–48 — the interruption: twelve years' flow stopped by a touch

And a woman, being in a flow of blood for twelve years,independent — the subject suspended (dashed) — γυνή waits through her relative clause for ἥψατο (v. 44): the syntax enacts the twelve-year wait; perpetually unclean (Lev 15:25)

who, having spent her whole living on physicians, could not be healed by anyone,relative — the ἰατροῖς-clause is text-critically disputed (absent in some early witnesses) — Luke the physician, if his, gentler than Mark 5:26

coming up behind,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἥψατο; ὄπισθεν, the approach of one who must not be seen

touched the fringe of his garment,independent — the suspended γυνή finds her verb at last — τὸ κράσπεδον, the tassel of Num 15:38

and immediately her flow of blood stopped.independent — παραχρῆμα — Luke's word for Mark's εὐθύς; ἔστη, the flow stands still

And Jesus said:independent — the healer will not let the healing stay anonymous

'Who is the one who touched me?'content — verbless question — the deliberate ἁψάμενος singled out from the jostling crowd

And when all denied it,participial — genitive absolute — forward-leaning on εἶπεν

Peter and those with him said:independent — καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ read with the majority (see the chapter's text note)

'Master, the crowds surround youcontent — Ἐπιστάτα again (v. 24); συνέχω — the gripping verb of v. 37, here of the crush

and press upon you.'content — the protest — everyone is touching you

But Jesus said:independent — the insistence

'Someone touched me,content — the touch of faith distinguished from the press of bodies

for I perceived that power had gone out from me.'cause — emphatic ἐγώ; perfect participle in indirect discourse — δύναμις gone forth and effective

And the woman, seeingparticipial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on ἦλθεν

that she had not escaped notice,content — λανθάνω — the hoped-for hiddenness fails; the lamp-saying (v. 17) enacted

came trembling,independent — the manner-participle kept with its verb — trembling into the open

and falling down before him,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀπήγγειλεν; προσπίπτω, the demoniac's verb (v. 28) now of grateful awe

she declared in the presence of all the people why she had touched himindependent — the fronted indirect interrogative (δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν) kept in line — the private touch made public confession, ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ

and how she had been healed immediately.content — ὡς-clause — ἰάθη, divine passive; the second παραχρῆμα

And he said to her:independent — the verdict-frame

'Daughter, your faith has saved you;content — Θυγάτηρ — the outcast adopted; perfect σέσωκεν, the abiding rescue (7:50; 17:19; 18:42): faith, not the fringe, did it

go in peace.'content — the šālôm-benediction — restored to God and community at once

vv. 49–56 — the resumption: Jairus's daughter raised

While he was still speaking,participial — genitive absolute — the seam of the interleave: the postponed story resumes at the very moment the interruption ends

someone comes from the synagogue ruler's houseindependent — historic present ἔρχεται — rare in Luke, flagged: the worst news lands live

saying:participial — the message-frame

'Your daughter has died;content — recitative ὅτι; perfect τέθνηκεν — dead as settled fact; the delay of vv. 43–48 has seemingly cost everything

trouble the Teacher no longer.'content — σκύλλω — 'weary no further': for the messenger, death ends what a healer can do

But Jesus, hearing it,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀπεκρίθη; he overhears and overrides

answered him:independent — the answer to a message not addressed to him

'Do not fear;content — present prohibition — stop the fear already rising

only believe,content — aorist πίστευσον — one decisive act of trust, where the woman's πίστις (v. 48) has just been displayed

and she will be saved.'content — σωθήσεται — the chapter's salvation-verb a third time (vv. 36, 48), now against death itself

And coming to the house,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀφῆκεν

he allowed no one to enter with himindependent — the witnesses restricted — privacy for the raising

except Peter and John and James and the child's father and mother.phrase modifier — exceptive εἰ μή phrase — the inner three (as at the transfiguration, 9:28) plus the parents: five witnesses

And they were all weepingindependent — durative imperfect — the lament already in full voice

and mourning for her.independent — κόπτομαι — beating the breast for her: formal mourning underway

But he said:independent — the counter-word

'Do not weep,content — the prohibition of 7:13, spoken again to mourners about to be contradicted by joy

for she has not diedcause — the ground — from the side of the one about to raise her

but is sleeping.'cause — καθεύδει — death renamed sleep because it is about to be reversed (cf. Acts 7:60)

And they laughed at him,independent — iterative imperfect κατεγέλων — derision keeps breaking out

knowingparticipial — causal participle — their certainty grounds the scorn

that she had died.content — the narrator concedes the fact — she is truly dead; the laughter certifies the miracle

But he, taking hold of her hand,participial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἐφώνησεν; the touch of a corpse, defilement reversed into life

called outindependent — ἐφώνησεν — the summons-verb of v. 8, now calling a child back

saying:participial — the raising-word's frame

'Child, arise.'content — nominative of address with article — plain Greek where Mark keeps Aramaic Ταλιθα κουμ; ἔγειρε, the resurrection-verb

And her spirit returned,independent — only Luke — τὸ πνεῦμα ἐπέστρεψεν (1 Kgs 17:21–22, Elijah and the widow's son): death was real, life is restored

and she rose up immediately,independent — ἀνέστη — the ἀνάστασις-verb; the third παραχρῆμα (vv. 44, 47)

and he directed that something be given her to eat.independent — the meal as proof of bodily life (cf. 24:41–43) — and a father's care after the wonder

And her parents were astonished;independent — ἐξίστημι — beside themselves; the amazement of 24:22 in miniature

but he charged themindependent — παραγγέλλω — the command-verb used on the demon (v. 29), now enjoining silence

to tell no one what had happened.content — the charge to silence closes the chapter — the inverse of v. 39's 'tell all': in Israel the hour of proclamation is not yet

Analysis. Luke 8 is Luke's rewriting of Mark 4–5 in his own grammar, and the layout shows the difference: where Mark strings καί-clauses, Luke frames scenes — the ἐγένετο formulas of vv. 1 and 22 stand flush-left with their apodotic καί-clauses beside them, ἐν τῷ + infinitive temporals (vv. 40, 42) and genitive absolutes (vv. 4, 23, 45, 49) lean forward anchor-less on the mainline they set up, and preposed participles (διεγερθείς, ἐμβάς, ἐλθών, κρατήσας) do the same. Speech hangs blue (cnt) beneath its verb of saying, and the parable of the sower (vv. 5–8) with its decoding (vv. 11–15) runs as a coordinate cnt catena at the speech's own depth, each soil a line, after the mark4 precedent; the interpretation's casus-pendens constructions (τὸ δὲ ... πεσόν, οὗτοί εἰσιν) are shown as dashed suspended lines resumed by their demonstratives. The cruxes are taken openly: the ἵνα of v. 10 is laid out as genuine purpose (Isa 6:9 — Luke softens Mark only by dropping the μήποτε clause, and the tag says so); the double narrative γάρ of v. 29 hangs as a causal flashback beneath the demon's outcry, explaining it after the fact; the suspended γυνή of v. 43 waits dashed through her relative clause until ἥψατο in v. 44 gives her a verb — the syntax itself enacting the twelve-year wait; and the interleave of Jairus and the woman is marked as a discourse feature, the genitive absolute Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος (v. 49) with its historic present ἔρχεται flagged as the seam where the postponed story resumes. Luke's Greek is left audible in the tags: λίμνη not θάλασσα for the lake, παραχρῆμα for Mark's εὐθύς (vv. 44, 47, 55), the perfect σέσωκεν of v. 48 echoing 7:50, and at v. 54 no Ταλιθα — the girl is raised with the plain Greek Ἡ παῖς, ἔγειρε.