Luke 8 — Clausal Layout (Greek)

independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended

Flush-left = a main (independent) clause. Each dependent line begins directly beneath the word it attaches to in the line above — the anchor word is dotted-underlined, and lights up when you hover its dependent clause; each tag also names the attachment. A dashed border marks verbless, elliptical, or suspended lines. Where a long sentence's staircase runs wider than the page, the diagram scrolls sideways. (In print, or without JavaScript, lines fall back to stepped indent columns.)

The women who provided 8:1–3

vv. 1–3 — only Luke: the itinerant kingdom-tour and the women who funded it

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ καθεξῆςindependent — the Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο frame, flush-left; καθεξῆς, a Lukan word (1:3), opens a new itinerant phase

καὶ αὐτὸς διώδευεν κατὰ πόλιν καὶ κώμηνindependent — apodotic καί (Semitic); intensive αὐτός; durative imperfect διώδευεν with distributive κατά

κηρύσσων καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ,participial — twin participles of manner — the tour's content: εὐαγγελίζομαι, a Lukan favorite

καὶ οἱ δώδεκα σὺν αὐτῷ,independent — verbless — the Twelve appended to the itinerancy; σύν αὐτῷ, the company defined

καὶ γυναῖκές τινεςindependent — verbless, coordinate with οἱ δώδεκα — the women stand in the same σύν-αὐτῷ company

αἳ ἦσαν τεθεραπευμέναι ἀπὸ πνευμάτων πονηρῶν καὶ ἀσθενειῶν,relative — periphrastic pluperfect — the cure stands as a settled state

Μαρία ἡ καλουμένη Μαγδαληνή,phrase modifier — the named list opens — Magdalene first, as at 24:10

ἀφ’ ἧς δαιμόνια ἑπτὰ ἐξεληλύθει,relative — pluperfect ἐξεληλύθει — seven, a totality of bondage now past-completed

καὶ Ἰωάννα γυνὴ Χουζᾶ ἐπιτρόπου Ἡρῴδου καὶ Σουσάννα καὶ ἕτεραι πολλαί,phrase modifier — Joanna reaches into Antipas's own household; Susanna named only here

αἵτινες διηκόνουν αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐταῖς.relative — qualitative ὅστις; habitual imperfect διηκόνουν — αὐτοῖς (NA28; var. αὐτῷ): the women bankroll the mission

The sower, the purpose of parables, and the four soils decoded 8:4–15

vv. 4–8 — the sower: one seed, four fates, told to a gathering crowd

Συνιόντος δὲ ὄχλου πολλοῦ καὶ τῶν κατὰ πόλιν ἐπιπορευομένων πρὸς αὐτὸνparticipial — double genitive absolute — forward-leaning on εἶπεν; the audience assembles distributively (κατὰ πόλιν)

εἶπεν διὰ παραβολῆς·independent — the speech-frame that carries the whole parable — διὰ παραβολῆς, means not manner

Ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρων τοῦ σπεῖραι τὸν σπόρον αὐτοῦ.content — the parable opens asyndetic; τοῦ + infinitive of purpose kept in line — the story runs coordinate inside the speech (mark4 precedent)

καὶ ἐν τῷ σπείρειν αὐτὸν ὃ μὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν,content — soil 1 — ἐν τῷ + infinitive temporal kept with its verb; ὃ μέν anticipates the series

καὶ κατεπατήθηcontent — Luke's own touch — trampled underfoot before the birds arrive

καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατέφαγεν αὐτό.content — κατεσθίω — eaten up entirely; the devil in the decoding (v. 12)

καὶ ἕτερον κατέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν,content — soil 2 — Luke's singular πέτρα (bedrock) for Mark's πετρῶδες

καὶ φυὲν ἐξηράνθηcontent — the preposed aorist participle φυέν kept with its verb — growth and withering in one breath

διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ἰκμάδα.cause — διά + articular infinitive, split out where it follows its verb — ἰκμάς (moisture) for Mark's missing ῥίζα

καὶ ἕτερον ἔπεσεν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἀκανθῶν,content — soil 3 — ἐν μέσῳ, planted right among the rivals

καὶ συμφυεῖσαι αἱ ἄκανθαι ἀπέπνιξαν αὐτό.content — συμφυεῖσαι — grown up together: simultaneous rivalry, then the throttling aorist

καὶ ἕτερον ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθήν,content — soil 4 — γῆ ἀγαθή, the fruitful counterpart

καὶ φυὲν ἐποίησεν καρπὸν ἑκατονταπλασίονα.content — Luke keeps only the climactic figure — a hundredfold, no thirty or sixty

ταῦτα λέγωνparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἐφώνει

ἐφώνει·independent — imperfect ἐφώνει — he kept crying the summons over the crowd

Ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω.content — the hearing-seal, kept whole — the chapter's leitmotif (vv. 15, 18, 21)

vv. 9–10 — the purpose of parables: mysteries given, the rest in riddles

Ἐπηρώτων δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦindependent — durative imperfect — the inquiry presses

τίς αὕτη εἴη ἡ παραβολή.content — indirect question with oblique optative εἴη — a Lukan literary touch

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν·independent — the answer-frame for everything through v. 15

Ὑμῖν δέδοται γνῶναι τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ,content — fronted ὑμῖν; perfect δέδοται, divine passive — the gift stands granted; plural μυστήρια (Mark's singular)

τοῖς δὲ λοιποῖς ἐν παραβολαῖς,content — elliptical — supply 'it is given'; οἱ λοιποί, Luke's cooler term for Mark's οἱ ἔξω

ἵνα βλέποντες μὴ βλέπωσιν καὶ ἀκούοντες μὴ συνιῶσιν.purpose — Isa 6:9 — the hard ἵνα taken as genuinely telic (judicial hardening); Luke softens Mark only by dropping the μήποτε clause

vv. 11–15 — the sower decoded: the seed is the word of God

Ἔστιν δὲ αὕτη ἡ παραβολή·content — the decoding announced — the speech continues coordinate under εἶπεν

Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ.content — the master-equation: σπόρος = ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ, explicit where Mark leaves it implied

οἱ δὲ παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες,content — hearing 1 — the hearers identified with their soil

εἶτα ἔρχεται ὁ διάβολοςcontent — vivid present — Mark's Satan is Luke's διάβολος; the birds decoded

καὶ αἴρει τὸν λόγον ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν,content — ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας — Luke locates the sowing in the heart

ἵνα μὴ πιστεύσαντες σωθῶσιν.purpose — the devil's own purpose clause — faith and salvation, Luke's soteriological pair, named as what is prevented

οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς πέτραςcontent — hearing 2 — the subject suspended, its predicate carried by the relatives

οἳ ὅταν ἀκούσωσιν μετὰ χαρᾶς δέχονται τὸν λόγον,relative — the ὅταν-clause folded inside its relative (mark4 v. 16 precedent) — joy at speed, without depth

καὶ οὗτοι ῥίζαν οὐκ ἔχουσιν,content — resumptive οὗτοι — ῥίζα supplies the root Luke's parable withheld (v. 6 gave only ἰκμάς)

οἳ πρὸς καιρὸν πιστεύουσινrelative — πρὸς καιρόν — believers of a season; Luke alone says πιστεύουσιν here

καὶ ἐν καιρῷ πειρασμοῦ ἀφίστανται.relative — καιρός answers καιρόν; ἀφίστανται — apostasy, Luke's clinical verb for Mark's σκανδαλίζονται

τὸ δὲ εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας πεσόν,content — hearing 3 — casus pendens (dashed), resumed by οὗτοι

οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες,content — the resumption — a genuine hearing, soon smothered

καὶ ὑπὸ μεριμνῶν καὶ πλούτου καὶ ἡδονῶν τοῦ βίου πορευόμενοι συμπνίγονταιcontent — the thorns named in triple — πορευόμενοι: choked in the course of living; one long clause kept whole

καὶ οὐ τελεσφοροῦσιν.content — τελεσφορέω — fruit begun but never ripened; Luke's agricultural precision

τὸ δὲ ἐν τῇ καλῇ γῇ,content — hearing 4 — the last casus pendens (dashed)

οὗτοί εἰσινcontent — the resumption, the predicate carried by the relative

οἵτινες ἐν καρδίᾳ καλῇ καὶ ἀγαθῇ ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον κατέχουσινrelative — καλὸς κἀγαθός — the Greek moral ideal baptized; κατέχουσιν, the grip the devil's αἴρει (v. 12) failed to break

καὶ καρποφοροῦσιν ἐν ὑπομονῇ.relative — ἐν ὑπομονῇ — Luke's distinctive close: the hundredfold is borne over time, not overnight

The lamp and the measure of hearing 8:16–18

vv. 16–18 — the lamp: revelation is the point, so watch how you hear

Οὐδεὶς δὲ λύχνον ἅψας καλύπτει αὐτὸν σκεύειindependent — the unframed saying stands mainline; preposed ἅψας kept in line — gnomic present

ἢ ὑποκάτω κλίνης τίθησιν,independent — the second absurdity — Luke's household σκεῦος and κλίνη for Mark's μόδιος

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ λυχνίας τίθησιν,independent — the lamp's proper place — the repeated τίθησιν pivots from negative to positive

ἵνα οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι βλέπωσιν τὸ φῶς.purpose — Luke's own purpose clause — οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι: the lamp is for those entering, the word for outsiders coming in

οὐ γάρ ἐστιν κρυπτὸνcause — γάρ grounds the lamp-saying — concealment in the kingdom is provisional

ὃ οὐ φανερὸν γενήσεται,relative — predictive future — disclosure as destiny

οὐδὲ ἀπόκρυφονcause — elliptical — ἐστιν carried over from the parallel

ὃ οὐ μὴ γνωσθῇrelative — emphatic οὐ μή + subjunctive — the strongest denial Greek has

καὶ εἰς φανερὸν ἔλθῃ.relative — εἰς φανερόν — into the open; the secret's destiny is publication

βλέπετε οὖνindependent — οὖν draws the moral — βλέπετε of hearing: watch how you hear (Mark 4:24 has 'what')

πῶς ἀκούετε·content — indirect question — the content of the vigilance

ὃς ἂν γὰρ ἔχῃ,conditional — conditional relative (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on δοθήσεται

δοθήσεται αὐτῷ,independent — divine passive — increase to the receptive hearer

καὶ ὃς ἂν μὴ ἔχῃ,conditional — the dark counterpart — forward-leaning on ἀρθήσεται

καὶ ὃ δοκεῖ ἔχειν ἀρθήσεται ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ.independent — ascensive καί; Luke's δοκεῖ ἔχειν — the having was only seeming; embedded relative kept in line

Jesus' true family 8:19–21

vv. 19–21 — kinship redefined: hearing and doing the word

Παρεγένετο δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ μήτηρ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ,independent — singular παρεγένετο with compound subject — construction according to the first-named

καὶ οὐκ ἠδύναντο συντυχεῖν αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον.independent — the crowd that came to hear (v. 4) now bars the family — the irony the pronouncement will resolve

ἀπηγγέλη δὲ αὐτῷ·independent — impersonal aorist passive — the message relayed through the crush

Ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἑστήκασιν ἔξωcontent — perfect ἑστήκασιν — they stand planted ἔξω, literally outside the circle of hearers

ἰδεῖν θέλοντές σε.participial — participle of purpose following its verb — the fronted ἰδεῖν carries the wish

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the pleonastic ἀποκριθείς kept with its verb — the pronouncement-frame

Μήτηρ μου καὶ ἀδελφοί μου οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούοντες καὶ ποιοῦντες.content — kept whole: anarthrous fronted Μήτηρ μου, then the definition — hearing-and-doing recaps the good soil (v. 15); Luke drops Mark's harsh 'Who is my mother?'

The stilling of the storm — 'Where is your faith?' 8:22–25

vv. 22–23 — the crossing and the squall

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶνindependent — the ἐγένετο frame again, flush-left — ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν, Luke's vague setting

καὶ αὐτὸς ἐνέβη εἰς πλοῖον καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ,independent — apodotic καί with intensive αὐτός — the pattern of v. 1 repeated

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the command-frame

Διέλθωμεν εἰς τὸ πέραν τῆς λίμνης.content — hortatory subjunctive — λίμνη, Luke's precise word for Galilee's lake, never θάλασσα

καὶ ἀνήχθησαν.independent — ἀνάγομαι — the nautical term: they put out to sea

πλεόντων δὲ αὐτῶνparticipial — genitive absolute — forward-leaning on ἀφύπνωσεν

ἀφύπνωσεν.independent — ingressive aorist ἀφύπνωσεν — the sleeping Lord before the storm (cf. Jonah 1:5)

καὶ κατέβη λαῖλαψ ἀνέμου εἰς τὴν λίμνην,independent — κατέβη — the squall descends the ravines onto the basin; Luke the geographer

καὶ συνεπληροῦντοindependent — durative imperfect — the boat filling as we watch

καὶ ἐκινδύνευον.independent — the second imperfect — Luke states the peril Mark leaves to the waves

vv. 24–25 — the rebuke, the calm, the question

προσελθόντες δὲparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on διήγειραν

διήγειραν αὐτὸνindependent — διεγείρω — roused fully awake

λέγοντες·participial — the speech-participle

Ἐπιστάτα ἐπιστάτα, ἀπολλύμεθα.content — the doubled Ἐπιστάτα — Luke's address for Jesus (5:5; 9:33), repeated in panic; progressive ἀπολλύμεθα

ὁ δὲ διεγερθεὶςparticipial — preposed aorist participle — forward-leaning on ἐπετίμησεν

ἐπετίμησεν τῷ ἀνέμῳ καὶ τῷ κλύδωνι τοῦ ὕδατος·independent — ἐπιτιμάω — the exorcism-verb (4:35, 39) turned on the elements; no quoted muzzle-word in Luke

καὶ ἐπαύσαντο,independent — instant obedience — the plural sweeps wind and wave together

καὶ ἐγένετο γαλήνη.independent — γαλήνη — Ps 107:29: he made the storm be still

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς·independent — the rebuke turns from water to disciples

Ποῦ ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν;content — verbless question — gentler than Mark's 'Do you not yet have faith?': the faith exists but has gone missing

φοβηθέντες δὲparticipial — preposed aorist participle — forward-leaning on ἐθαύμασαν

ἐθαύμασαν,independent — fear passes into wonder — the numinous response

λέγοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους·participial — the question circles among them, not to him

Τίς ἄρα οὗτός ἐστινcontent — the unanswered christological question — ἄρα draws the inference the reader must complete

ὅτι καὶ τοῖς ἀνέμοις ἐπιτάσσει καὶ τῷ ὕδατι,content — consecutive ὅτι; ascensive καί — only God commands the sea (Job 38:11)

καὶ ὑπακούουσιν αὐτῷ;content — ὑπακούουσιν — the elements as obedient subordinates; the question hangs over the crossing to come

The Gerasene demoniac delivered 8:26–39

vv. 26–29 — the landfall and the man among the tombs

Καὶ κατέπλευσαν εἰς τὴν χώραν τῶν Γερασηνῶν,independent — κατέπλευσαν — nautical 'put in to shore'; Γερασηνῶν read with NA28 (var. Γαδαρηνῶν, Γεργεσηνῶν)

ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀντιπέρα τῆς Γαλιλαίας.relative — Luke's orientation for Gentile readers — ἀντιπέρα, across the lake: Gentile ground

ἐξελθόντι δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆνparticipial — dative participle agreeing with the ὑπήντησεν-dative — forward-leaning; the encounter is immediate

ὑπήντησεν ἀνήρ τις ἐκ τῆς πόλεωςindependent — ὑπαντάω — the possessed man comes out to meet the exorcist

ἔχων δαιμόνια·participial — attributive participle — plural δαιμόνια already hints at Legion

καὶ χρόνῳ ἱκανῷ οὐκ ἐνεδύσατο ἱμάτιον,independent — Luke's clinical detail — naked: the dehumanization the healing will reverse (v. 35, ἱματισμένον)

καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ οὐκ ἔμενενindependent — customary imperfect — no home

ἀλλ’ ἐν τοῖς μνήμασιν.independent — elliptical — ἔμενεν carried over: his dwelling is with the dead, uncleanness upon uncleanness

ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀνακράξαςparticipial — two preposed participles — forward-leaning on προσέπεσεν; the shriek precedes the prostration

προσέπεσεν αὐτῷindependent — προσπίπτω — prostration wrung from hostility, not devotion

καὶ φωνῇ μεγάλῃ εἶπεν·independent — the speech-frame the double γάρ of v. 29 will explain

Τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, Ἰησοῦ υἱὲ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου;content — the verbless Semitic repulsion-formula (Judg 11:12); ὁ ὕψιστος — supernatural recognition in a Gentile-flavored title

δέομαί σου,content — the demon turns suppliant

μή με βασανίσῃς.content — prohibitive aorist subjunctive — βασανίζω: the tormentor pleads against torment

παρήγγειλεν γὰρ τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαθάρτῳ ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.cause — narrative γάρ — the flashback that explains the outcry: the command had already gone forth

πολλοῖς γὰρ χρόνοις συνηρπάκει αὐτόν,cause — the second γάρ, one deeper — pluperfect συνηρπάκει: the violent history behind the command

καὶ ἐδεσμεύετο ἁλύσεσιν καὶ πέδαις φυλασσόμενος,cause — iterative imperfect — bound again and again, guarded in vain

καὶ διαρρήσσων τὰ δεσμὰ ἠλαύνετο ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου εἰς τὰς ἐρήμους.cause — the concessive participle kept in line — ἠλαύνετο: driven like a beast to the ἔρημοι, the demons' haunt

vv. 30–33 — Legion: the name, the plea, the swine

ἐπηρώτησεν δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the counter-move — the exorcist demands the name

Τί σοι ὄνομά ἐστιν;content — dative of possession — the name extracted is power over the named

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν·independent — the answer-frame

Λεγιών,content — the one-word verbless answer — a Roman legion, c. 6,000: occupation-language for possession

ὅτι εἰσῆλθεν δαιμόνια πολλὰ εἰς αὐτόν.cause — the narrator's aside decoding the name — singular verb, neuter plural subject

καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτὸνindependent — iterative imperfect, now plural — the demons speak as many

ἵνα μὴ ἐπιτάξῃ αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον ἀπελθεῖν.content — ἵνα-object clause — ἡ ἄβυσσος, the demonic prison-deep (Rev 20:1–3): Luke's theological sharpening of Mark's 'out of the country'

ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ ἀγέλη χοίρων ἱκανῶν βοσκομένη ἐν τῷ ὄρει·independent — the scenic ἦν — swine confirm Gentile ground; the attributive βοσκομένη kept in line

καὶ παρεκάλεσαν αὐτὸνindependent — aorist now — the plea comes to its point

ἵνα ἐπιτρέψῃ αὐτοῖς εἰς ἐκείνους εἰσελθεῖν·content — the alternative request — anywhere but the abyss

καὶ ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτοῖς.independent — ἐπέτρεψεν — permission, not commission; the demons' own choice destroys their refuge

ἐξελθόντα δὲ τὰ δαιμόνια ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπουparticipial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on εἰσῆλθον; the ἐξελθεῖν commanded at v. 29 happens

εἰσῆλθον εἰς τοὺς χοίρους,independent — the transfer — out of the man, into the herd

καὶ ὥρμησεν ἡ ἀγέλη κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ εἰς τὴν λίμνηνindependent — ὁρμάω — the stampede; κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ, down the precipice

καὶ ἀπεπνίγη.independent — ἀποπνίγω — the choking verb of the thorns (v. 7) closes on the demons' hosts; the destructive intent made visible

vv. 34–39 — fear, dismissal, and the first Gentile herald

ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ βόσκοντες τὸ γεγονὸςparticipial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on ἔφυγον

ἔφυγονindependent — the herdsmen bolt

καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀγρούς.independent — the news spreads both ways — the whole region summoned to the scene

ἐξῆλθον δὲindependent — the townsfolk come to verify

ἰδεῖν τὸ γεγονὸςpurpose — infinitive of purpose — τὸ γεγονός repeated from v. 34: the perfect fact

καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν,independent — the search ends at the healer

καὶ εὗρον καθήμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπονindependent — εὗρον with supplementary participle — the tableau of restoration begins

ἀφ’ οὗ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξῆλθενrelative — the identifying relative — singular ἐξῆλθεν with neuter plural

ἱματισμένον καὶ σωφρονοῦντα παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦ,participial — the supplementary participles complete the picture — clothed (against v. 27), sane (σωφρονέω), and in the disciple's posture (cf. 10:39)

καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν.independent — ingressive — the restoration itself terrifies; fear answers grace

ἀπήγγειλαν δὲ αὐτοῖς οἱ ἰδόντεςindependent — the eyewitnesses recount

πῶς ἐσώθη ὁ δαιμονισθείς.content — indirect question — ἐσώθη: the exorcism named a salvation (cf. σέσωκεν, v. 48)

καὶ ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος τῆς περιχώρου τῶν Γερασηνῶνindependent — ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος — the unanimity of the rejection; the place-name variant recurs

ἀπελθεῖν ἀπ’ αὐτῶν,content — infinitive of indirect request — the region's one recorded prayer: that Jesus leave

ὅτι φόβῳ μεγάλῳ συνείχοντο·cause — συνέχω — held fast by fear as the man was held by Legion: fear, not faith, governs the response

αὐτὸς δὲ ἐμβὰς εἰς πλοῖονparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ὑπέστρεψεν; Jesus complies without protest

ὑπέστρεψεν.independent — ὑποστρέφω — the verb of v. 39 and v. 40: the going back that seeds a mission

ἐδεῖτο δὲ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀνὴρindependent — durative imperfect ἐδεῖτο — the healed man's counter-plea to the region's dismissal

ἀφ’ οὗ ἐξεληλύθει τὰ δαιμόνιαrelative — pluperfect ἐξεληλύθει — the deliverance stands complete (echoing Magdalene, v. 2)

εἶναι σὺν αὐτῷ·content — εἶναι σὺν αὐτῷ — the disciple's portion (v. 1); the one plea Jesus refuses

ἀπέλυσεν δὲ αὐτὸνindependent — ἀπολύω — dismissal that is commissioning

λέγων·participial — the commission-frame

Ὑπόστρεφε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου,content — the tomb-dweller (v. 27) is given back a house

καὶ διηγοῦ ὅσα σοι ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός.content — διηγοῦ — narrate in full: ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός, the commission's terms

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καθ’ ὅλην τὴν πόλινindependent — obedience that overflows the charge — the οἶκος becomes the πόλις

κηρύσσων ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς.participial — κηρύσσων — Jesus' own verb (v. 1); 'what God did' told as 'what Jesus did': the silent identification, and the first Gentile herald

Jairus's daughter and the hemorrhaging woman 8:40–56

vv. 40–42 — Jairus's plea: the dying only daughter

Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑποστρέφειν τὸν Ἰησοῦνconditional — temporal ἐν τῷ + infinitive (typed cnd; no temporal key) — forward-leaning on ἀπεδέξατο

ἀπεδέξατο αὐτὸν ὁ ὄχλος,independent — ἀποδέχομαι — the Galilean welcome against the Gerasene dismissal

ἦσαν γὰρ πάντες προσδοκῶντες αὐτόν.cause — periphrastic imperfect — expectancy held open through the absence

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἦλθεν ἀνὴρindependent — the Lukan ἰδού spotlights the suppliant

ᾧ ὄνομα Ἰάϊρος,relative — verbless name-formula ᾧ ὄνομα — Jairus, 'he will awaken': the name is the story

καὶ οὗτος ἄρχων τῆς συναγωγῆς ὑπῆρχεν,independent — ὑπῆρχεν for ἦν — a synagogue ruler at Jesus' feet: rank surrendered to need

καὶ πεσὼν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on παρεκάλει; the posture the healed demoniac holds at v. 35

παρεκάλει αὐτὸνindependent — durative imperfect — the pleading goes on and on

εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ,content — infinitive of indirect request — the house Jesus will not reach before the death-report

ὅτι θυγάτηρ μονογενὴς ἦν αὐτῷ ὡς ἐτῶν δώδεκαcause — μονογενής — Luke's pathos-word (7:12; 9:38); twelve years, the number the woman's flow will match

καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέθνῃσκεν.cause — durative imperfect ἀπέθνῃσκεν — dying as he speaks; every delay costs

Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑπάγειν αὐτὸνconditional — temporal ἐν τῷ + infinitive (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on συνέπνιγον

οἱ ὄχλοι συνέπνιγον αὐτόν.independent — συμπνίγω — the choking verb of the thorns (vv. 7, 14) now literal: the crush that hides the woman

vv. 43–48 — the interruption: twelve years' flow stopped by a touch

καὶ γυνὴ οὖσα ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος ἀπὸ ἐτῶν δώδεκα,independent — the subject suspended (dashed) — γυνή waits through her relative clause for ἥψατο (v. 44): the syntax enacts the twelve-year wait; perpetually unclean (Lev 15:25)

ἥτις ἰατροῖς προσαναλώσασα ὅλον τὸν βίον οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἀπ’ οὐδενὸς θεραπευθῆναι,relative — the ἰατροῖς-clause is text-critically disputed (absent in some early witnesses) — Luke the physician, if his, gentler than Mark 5:26

προσελθοῦσα ὄπισθενparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἥψατο; ὄπισθεν, the approach of one who must not be seen

ἥψατο τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ,independent — the suspended γυνή finds her verb at last — τὸ κράσπεδον, the tassel of Num 15:38

καὶ παραχρῆμα ἔστη ἡ ῥύσις τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς.independent — παραχρῆμα — Luke's word for Mark's εὐθύς; ἔστη, the flow stands still

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the healer will not let the healing stay anonymous

Τίς ὁ ἁψάμενός μου;content — verbless question — the deliberate ἁψάμενος singled out from the jostling crowd

ἀρνουμένων δὲ πάντωνparticipial — genitive absolute — forward-leaning on εἶπεν

εἶπεν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ·independent — καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ read with the majority (see the chapter's text note)

Ἐπιστάτα, οἱ ὄχλοι συνέχουσίν σεcontent — Ἐπιστάτα again (v. 24); συνέχω — the gripping verb of v. 37, here of the crush

καὶ ἀποθλίβουσιν.content — the protest — everyone is touching you

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν·independent — the insistence

Ἥψατό μού τις,content — the touch of faith distinguished from the press of bodies

ἐγὼ γὰρ ἔγνων δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ.cause — emphatic ἐγώ; perfect participle in indirect discourse — δύναμις gone forth and effective

ἰδοῦσα δὲ ἡ γυνὴparticipial — preposed participle with subject — forward-leaning on ἦλθεν

ὅτι οὐκ ἔλαθενcontent — λανθάνω — the hoped-for hiddenness fails; the lamp-saying (v. 17) enacted

τρέμουσα ἦλθενindependent — the manner-participle kept with its verb — trembling into the open

καὶ προσπεσοῦσα αὐτῷparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀπήγγειλεν; προσπίπτω, the demoniac's verb (v. 28) now of grateful awe

δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἥψατο αὐτοῦ ἀπήγγειλεν ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦindependent — the fronted indirect interrogative (δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν) kept in line — the private touch made public confession, ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ

καὶ ὡς ἰάθη παραχρῆμα.content — ὡς-clause — ἰάθη, divine passive; the second παραχρῆμα

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῇ·independent — the verdict-frame

Θυγάτηρ, ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε·content — Θυγάτηρ — the outcast adopted; perfect σέσωκεν, the abiding rescue (7:50; 17:19; 18:42): faith, not the fringe, did it

πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην.content — the šālôm-benediction — restored to God and community at once

vv. 49–56 — the resumption: Jairus's daughter raised

Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντοςparticipial — genitive absolute — the seam of the interleave: the postponed story resumes at the very moment the interruption ends

ἔρχεταί τις παρὰ τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγουindependent — historic present ἔρχεται — rare in Luke, flagged: the worst news lands live

λέγωνparticipial — the message-frame

ὅτι Τέθνηκεν ἡ θυγάτηρ σου·content — recitative ὅτι; perfect τέθνηκεν — dead as settled fact; the delay of vv. 43–48 has seemingly cost everything

μηκέτι σκύλλε τὸν διδάσκαλον.content — σκύλλω — 'weary no further': for the messenger, death ends what a healer can do

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀκούσαςparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀπεκρίθη; he overhears and overrides

ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ·independent — the answer to a message not addressed to him

Μὴ φοβοῦ·content — present prohibition — stop the fear already rising

μόνον πίστευσον,content — aorist πίστευσον — one decisive act of trust, where the woman's πίστις (v. 48) has just been displayed

καὶ σωθήσεται.content — σωθήσεται — the chapter's salvation-verb a third time (vv. 36, 48), now against death itself

ἐλθὼν δὲ εἰς τὴν οἰκίανparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἀφῆκεν

οὐκ ἀφῆκεν εἰσελθεῖν τινα σὺν αὐτῷindependent — the witnesses restricted — privacy for the raising

εἰ μὴ Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ τὸν πατέρα τῆς παιδὸς καὶ τὴν μητέρα.phrase modifier — exceptive εἰ μή phrase — the inner three (as at the transfiguration, 9:28) plus the parents: five witnesses

ἔκλαιον δὲ πάντεςindependent — durative imperfect — the lament already in full voice

καὶ ἐκόπτοντο αὐτήν.independent — κόπτομαι — beating the breast for her: formal mourning underway

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν·independent — the counter-word

Μὴ κλαίετε,content — the prohibition of 7:13, spoken again to mourners about to be contradicted by joy

οὐ γὰρ ἀπέθανενcause — the ground — from the side of the one about to raise her

ἀλλὰ καθεύδει.cause — καθεύδει — death renamed sleep because it is about to be reversed (cf. Acts 7:60)

καὶ κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ,independent — iterative imperfect κατεγέλων — derision keeps breaking out

εἰδότεςparticipial — causal participle — their certainty grounds the scorn

ὅτι ἀπέθανεν.content — the narrator concedes the fact — she is truly dead; the laughter certifies the miracle

αὐτὸς δὲ κρατήσας τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῆςparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἐφώνησεν; the touch of a corpse, defilement reversed into life

ἐφώνησενindependent — ἐφώνησεν — the summons-verb of v. 8, now calling a child back

λέγων·participial — the raising-word's frame

Ἡ παῖς, ἔγειρε.content — nominative of address with article — plain Greek where Mark keeps Aramaic Ταλιθα κουμ; ἔγειρε, the resurrection-verb

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτῆς,independent — only Luke — τὸ πνεῦμα ἐπέστρεψεν (1 Kgs 17:21–22, Elijah and the widow's son): death was real, life is restored

καὶ ἀνέστη παραχρῆμα,independent — ἀνέστη — the ἀνάστασις-verb; the third παραχρῆμα (vv. 44, 47)

καὶ διέταξεν αὐτῇ δοθῆναι φαγεῖν.independent — the meal as proof of bodily life (cf. 24:41–43) — and a father's care after the wonder

καὶ ἐξέστησαν οἱ γονεῖς αὐτῆς·independent — ἐξίστημι — beside themselves; the amazement of 24:22 in miniature

ὁ δὲ παρήγγειλεν αὐτοῖςindependent — παραγγέλλω — the command-verb used on the demon (v. 29), now enjoining silence

μηδενὶ εἰπεῖν τὸ γεγονός.content — the charge to silence closes the chapter — the inverse of v. 39's 'tell all': in Israel the hour of proclamation is not yet

Analysis. Luke 8 is Luke's rewriting of Mark 4–5 in his own grammar, and the layout shows the difference: where Mark strings καί-clauses, Luke frames scenes — the ἐγένετο formulas of vv. 1 and 22 stand flush-left with their apodotic καί-clauses beside them, ἐν τῷ + infinitive temporals (vv. 40, 42) and genitive absolutes (vv. 4, 23, 45, 49) lean forward anchor-less on the mainline they set up, and preposed participles (διεγερθείς, ἐμβάς, ἐλθών, κρατήσας) do the same. Speech hangs blue (cnt) beneath its verb of saying, and the parable of the sower (vv. 5–8) with its decoding (vv. 11–15) runs as a coordinate cnt catena at the speech's own depth, each soil a line, after the mark4 precedent; the interpretation's casus-pendens constructions (τὸ δὲ ... πεσόν, οὗτοί εἰσιν) are shown as dashed suspended lines resumed by their demonstratives. The cruxes are taken openly: the ἵνα of v. 10 is laid out as genuine purpose (Isa 6:9 — Luke softens Mark only by dropping the μήποτε clause, and the tag says so); the double narrative γάρ of v. 29 hangs as a causal flashback beneath the demon's outcry, explaining it after the fact; the suspended γυνή of v. 43 waits dashed through her relative clause until ἥψατο in v. 44 gives her a verb — the syntax itself enacting the twelve-year wait; and the interleave of Jairus and the woman is marked as a discourse feature, the genitive absolute Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος (v. 49) with its historic present ἔρχεται flagged as the seam where the postponed story resumes. Luke's Greek is left audible in the tags: λίμνη not θάλασσα for the lake, παραχρῆμα for Mark's εὐθύς (vv. 44, 47, 55), the perfect σέσωκεν of v. 48 echoing 7:50, and at v. 54 no Ταλιθα — the girl is raised with the plain Greek Ἡ παῖς, ἔγειρε.