Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 14ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΙΔ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ τὸ ἀρνίον ἑστὸς ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος Σιὼν καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν.

And I looked, and behold, the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him a hundred forty-four thousand having his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.

New visionΚαίThe καὶ εἶδον καὶ ἰδού formula opens a fresh tableau, set deliberately against the beast-vision of ch. 13: the sealed company of the Lamb answers the marked followers of the beast.
Καὶandnarrative connective (paratactic καί)
εἶδονI lookedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (visionary narration)→ aoristic/punctiliar (vision onset)ὁράω: 'see, behold'; the standard verb introducing John's apocalyptic visions.
καὶandconnective introducing the presentation
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (deictic)ἰδού: frozen aorist imperative of ὁράω used as an attention-marker, 'look!'
τὸtheNominativearticle with ἀρνίον
ἀρνίονLambNominativesubject of the presentationἀρνίον: 'lamb'; Revelation's distinctive title for the slain-yet-standing Christ (28× in the book).
ἑστὸςstandingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἵστημιpredicate participle agreeing with the nominative ἀρνίον→ intensive perfect (a settled standing posture)ἵστημι (perf. 'stand'); the neuter nom./acc. are identical in form; the Lamb stands triumphantly, contrasting the dragon 'standing' on the sand (12:18).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (location)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ὄρος
ὄροςMountAccusativeobject of ἐπί (place)ὄρος: 'mountain'; with Σιών, the eschatological Zion of Ps 2:6, the place of the Messiah's enthronement.
ΣιὼνZionAccusativeindeclinable proper noun in apposition to ὄρος (accusative by position)Σιών: Zion; the Hebrew place-name, indeclinable in form but here filling the accusative slot.
καὶandconnective
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετά: 'with'; here the Lamb's company on Zion.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
ἑκατὸνhundredindeclinable cardinal (with the following numerals)ἑκατόν: 'one hundred'; numerals are indeclinable here.
τεσσεράκονταfortyindeclinable cardinalτεσσεράκοντα: 'forty.'
τέσσαρεςfourNominativecardinal agreeing with χιλιάδεςτέσσαρες: 'four'; 144,000 = 12 × 12 × 1000, the symbolic full number of the redeemed (cf. 7:4).
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativesubject (with the Lamb) of the presented sceneχιλιάς: 'a thousand'; the plural with the multipliers gives 144,000.
ἔχουσαιhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · ἔχωattributive participle modifying χιλιάδες→ imperfective (durative possession)ἔχω: 'have, bear'; the feminine plural agrees with χιλιάδες.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ὄνομα
ὄνομαnameAccusativeobject of ἔχουσαιὄνομα: 'name'; the divine Name on the forehead is the seal of ownership opposed to the beast's mark (13:16–17).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (of the Lamb)
καὶandconnective
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ὄνομα
ὄνομαnameAccusativesecond object of ἔχουσαι
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with πατρός
πατρὸςFatherGenitivegenitive of relationshipπατήρ: 'father'; the Father of the Lamb, jointly named on the redeemed.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
γεγραμμένονwrittenPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · γράφωattributive participle modifying ὄνομα→ intensive perfect (inscribed and remaining)γράφω: 'write, inscribe'; the perfect marks a permanent, official inscription.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with μετώπων
μετώπωνforeheadsGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place)μέτωπον: 'forehead'; the locus of the seal (7:3) over against the beast's mark (13:16).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
2

Καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῆς μεγάλης, καὶ ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ὡς κιθαρῳδῶν κιθαριζόντων ἐν ταῖς κιθάραις αὐτῶν.

And I heard a voice from heaven like the sound of many waters and like the sound of loud thunder, and the voice I heard was like harpists playing on their harps.

Auditory expansionΚαίThe vision shifts from sight to sound: the heavenly voice is rendered by three comparisons (waters, thunder, harpists), preparing for the new song of v. 3.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ aoristic (vision report)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the auditory counterpart to εἶδον.
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativeobject of ἤκουσαφωνή: 'voice, sound'; here a vast heavenly sound.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οὐρανοῦ
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)οὐρανός: 'heaven'; the voice's celestial origin.
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: 'as, like'; John's recurring tool for describing the indescribable.
φωνὴνsoundAccusativeaccusative in the comparison
ὑδάτωνof watersGenitivegenitive of source/originὕδωρ: 'water'; the roar of many waters echoes Ezek 1:24; 43:2.
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many, much.'
καὶandconnective
ὡςlikecomparative particle
φωνὴνsoundAccusativeaccusative in the comparison
βροντῆςof thunderGenitivegenitive of sourceβροντή: 'thunder'; theophanic clamor (cf. 4:5; 19:6).
μεγάληςloudGenitiveattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
καὶandconnective
theNominativearticle with φωνή
φωνὴvoiceNominativesubject (verbless clause, with ὡς-predicate)φωνή: resumed as the topic of the third comparison.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of ἤκουσα
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωverb of the relative clause→ aoristic
ὡςlikecomparative particle (predicate)
κιθαρῳδῶνof harpistsGenitivegenitive in the comparisonκιθαρῳδός: 'harp-singer, harpist'; one who sings to the kithara.
κιθαριζόντωνplayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · κιθαρίζωattributive participle modifying κιθαρῳδῶν→ imperfective (ongoing playing)κιθαρίζω: 'play the harp'; from κιθάρα.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (instrument/means)
ταῖςtheDativearticle with κιθάραις
κιθάραιςharpsDativeinstrumental dative (means)κιθάρα: 'lyre, harp'; the heavenly worship-instrument (cf. 5:8; 15:2).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
3

καὶ ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου καὶ ἐνώπιον τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων· καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο μαθεῖν τὴν ᾠδὴν εἰ μὴ αἱ ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες, οἱ ἠγορασμένοι ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

And they sing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders; and no one could learn the song except the hundred forty-four thousand, who had been purchased from the earth.

Continuation of visionκαίThe new song is sung before the throne; its restriction to the redeemed marks the 144,000 as a uniquely ransomed company.
καὶandnarrative connective
ᾄδουσινthey singPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ᾄδωmain verb→ vivid present (durative worship)ᾄδω: 'sing'; the present makes the heavenly song immediate.
ᾠδὴνsongAccusativeobject of ᾄδουσιν (cognate)ᾠδή: 'song, ode'; the eschatological 'new song' of redemption (cf. 5:9; Ps 33:3; 96:1).
καινὴνnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new' in kind/quality; the song of the new creation.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (place)ἐνώπιον: 'in the presence of, before.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θρόνου
θρόνουthroneGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθρόνος: 'throne'; the central locus of heaven's worship in Revelation.
καὶandconnective
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ζῴων
τεσσάρωνfourGenitivecardinal modifying ζῴωντέσσαρες: 'four.'
ζῴωνliving creaturesGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονζῷον: 'living creature'; the four cherubic beings around the throne (4:6–8).
καὶandconnective
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with πρεσβυτέρων
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον (shared)πρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; the twenty-four enthroned elders (4:4).
καὶandconnective (adversative force)
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of ἐδύνατοοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἐδύνατοcouldImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (ability)→ imperfect of capability (ongoing inability)δύναμαι: 'be able'; deponent.
μαθεῖνto learnAor Act Inf · μανθάνωcomplementary infinitive with ἐδύνατο→ aoristic (acquisition of the song)μανθάνω: 'learn'; the song can only be 'learned' by the redeemed who have lived its story.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ᾠδήν
ᾠδὴνsongAccusativeobject of μαθεῖν
εἰifwith μή, exceptive 'except'
μὴnotwith εἰ, exceptive particleεἰ μή: 'except, unless.'
αἱtheNominativearticle with χιλιάδες
ἑκατὸνhundredindeclinable cardinal
τεσσεράκονταfortyindeclinable cardinal
τέσσαρεςfourNominativecardinal with χιλιάδες
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativesubject of the exceptive clauseχιλιάς: 'thousand'; the redeemed 144,000.
οἱtheNominativearticle with the substantival participle (ad sensum masculine)
ἠγορασμένοιpurchasedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀγοράζωsubstantival participle in apposition to χιλιάδες (constructio ad sensum)→ intensive perfect (a permanent ransomed status)ἀγοράζω: 'buy, purchase'; the redemption-as-purchase of 5:9; the masculine shifts from the feminine χιλιάδες to the people.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)γῆ: 'earth'; ransomed out of the world that bears the beast's mark.
4

οὗτοί εἰσιν οἳ μετὰ γυναικῶν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν, παρθένοι γάρ εἰσιν· οὗτοι οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγῃ. οὗτοι ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῷ ἀρνίῳ,

These are the ones who were not defiled with women, for they are virgins; these are the ones who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These were purchased from among men as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb,

Identification of the 144,000asyndetonA threefold οὗτοι characterization: undefiled virgins, Lamb-followers, firstfruits. The 'virginity' is best read as the cultic/spiritual purity of the holy-war army, undefiled by idolatry's fornication.
οὗτοίtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'these'; resumes the 144,000.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of ἐμολύνθησαν
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
γυναικῶνwomenGenitiveobject of μετάγυνή: 'woman, wife'; the imagery draws on cultic-purity rules for holy war (cf. 1 Sam 21:5).
οὐκnotnegation of ἐμολύνθησαν
ἐμολύνθησανwere defiledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · μολύνωverb of the relative clause→ aoristic (settled non-defilement)μολύνω: 'soil, defile'; metaphorically of moral/idolatrous contamination (cf. 3:4).
παρθένοιvirginsNominativepredicate nominativeπαρθένος: 'virgin'; here a corporate metaphor of the pure, faithful covenant people undefiled by spiritual fornication.
γάρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; grounds the prior statement.
εἰσινthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (second characterization)
οἱthe onesNominativearticle substantivizing the participle
ἀκολουθοῦντεςfollowingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκολουθέωsubstantival participle (predicate)→ imperfective (habitual discipleship)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; discipleship-term — they follow the Lamb as sheep their shepherd.
τῷtheDativearticle with ἀρνίῳ
ἀρνίῳLambDativedative complement of ἀκολουθέωἀρνίον: 'Lamb'; the object of their following.
ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb of placeὅπου: 'where'; with ἄν, generalizing.
ἂνevermodal particle (indefinite)ἄν: indefinite/contingent particle with the subjunctive.
ὑπάγῃhe goesPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ὑπάγωsubjunctive in indefinite local clause→ imperfective (ongoing journeying)ὑπάγω: 'go, depart'; the Lamb's path the redeemed share.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (third characterization)
ἠγοράσθησανwere purchasedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωmain verb→ aoristic (the act of redemption)ἀγοράζω: 'purchase, ransom'; cf. 5:9.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπων
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitiveobject of ἀπόἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; ransomed out of humanity.
ἀπαρχὴfirstfruitsNominativenominative in apposition to οὗτοι (loose/pendens)ἀπαρχή: 'firstfruits'; the consecrated first portion offered to God (cf. Jas 1:18; Rom 16:5), here marking the redeemed as a dedicated, pledge-bearing offering.
τῷtoDativearticle with θεῷ
θεῷGodDativedative of advantage (the offering's recipient)θεός: God; the firstfruits belong to God.
καὶandconnective
τῷto theDativearticle with ἀρνίῳ
ἀρνίῳLambDativedative of advantage (joint recipient)ἀρνίον: 'Lamb'; God and the Lamb jointly receive the firstfruits.
5

καὶ ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος· ἄμωμοί εἰσιν.

and in their mouth no lie was found; they are blameless.

Final characterizationκαίThe truthful, blameless tongue echoes the faithful remnant of Zeph 3:13 and the Servant of Isa 53:9; the 144,000 are the antithesis of the lying beast and false prophet.
καὶandconnective
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle with στόματι
στόματιmouthDativeobject of ἐν (place)στόμα: 'mouth'; the organ of speech and witness.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
οὐχnotnegation of εὑρέθη
εὑρέθηwas foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive verdict)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the passive 'was found' is a judicial idiom (cf. Isa 53:9 LXX).
ψεῦδοςlieNominativesubject of εὑρέθηψεῦδος: 'falsehood, lie'; the variant δόλος ('deceit') matches Isa 53:9; ψεῦδος sets them against the beast's lie.
ἄμωμοίblamelessNominativepredicate nominativeἄμωμος: 'without blemish'; sacrificial term — fitting for the firstfruits offering of v. 4.
εἰσινthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
6

Καὶ εἶδον ἄλλον ἄγγελον πετόμενον ἐν μεσουρανήματι, ἔχοντα εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον εὐαγγελίσαι ἐπὶ τοὺς καθημένους ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶν ἔθνος καὶ φυλὴν καὶ γλῶσσαν καὶ λαόν,

And I saw another angel flying in midheaven, having an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who dwell on the earth and to every nation and tribe and tongue and people,

New vision (first angel)ΚαίA fresh καὶ εἶδον opens the cycle of three angels. The 'eternal gospel' here is a universal summons to fear and worship the Creator before judgment falls.
Καὶandnarrative connective
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ aoristic (new vision)ὁράω: 'see.'
ἄλλονanotherAccusativeattributive adjective with ἄγγελονἄλλος: 'another (of the same kind).'
ἄγγελονangelAccusativeobject of εἶδονἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; the first of three heralds.
πετόμενονflyingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · πέτομαιattributive participle modifying ἄγγελον→ imperfective (in flight)πέτομαι: 'fly'; cf. the eagle of 8:13.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μεσουρανήματιmidheavenDativeobject of ἐνμεσουράνημα: 'mid-heaven, the zenith'; the most visible point of the sky (8:13; 19:17).
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle in apposition to ἄγγελον (solecistic accusative)→ imperfective (bearing)ἔχω: 'have, hold.'
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativeobject of ἔχονταεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news'; the term's only occurrence in Revelation — a creation-and-judgment proclamation.
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, everlasting'; valid for all ages.
εὐαγγελίσαιto proclaimAor Act Inf · εὐαγγελίζωinfinitive of purpose with ἔχοντα→ aoristic (the act of proclaiming)εὐαγγελίζω: 'announce good news'; cognate with εὐαγγέλιον.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (over/to)ἐπί: here 'to/over' the earth's inhabitants.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle substantivizing καθημένους
καθημένουςdwellingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle, object of ἐπί→ imperfective (settled dwelling)κάθημαι: 'sit, dwell'; 'those who sit/dwell on the earth' = earth's inhabitants.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth, land.'
καὶandconnective
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; distributes over the fourfold list.
ἔθνοςnationAccusativeobject of ἐπίἔθνος: 'nation'; first member of the universal fourfold formula.
καὶandconnective
φυλὴνtribeAccusativeobject of ἐπίφυλή: 'tribe.'
καὶandconnective
γλῶσσανtongueAccusativeobject of ἐπίγλῶσσα: 'tongue, language.'
καὶandconnective
λαόνpeopleAccusativeobject of ἐπίλαός: 'people'; closes the fourfold universal formula (cf. 5:9; 7:9).
7

λέγων ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· Φοβήθητε τὸν θεὸν καὶ δότε αὐτῷ δόξαν, ὅτι ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ προσκυνήσατε τῷ ποιήσαντι τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν καὶ πηγὰς ὑδάτων.

saying with a loud voice: "Fear God and give him glory, because the hour of his judgment has come; and worship the one who made the heaven and the earth and sea and springs of waters."

Content of the proclamationasyndetonThree imperatives (fear, give glory, worship) grounded by ὅτι; the object of worship is the Creator, deliberately set against beast-worship (ch. 13).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (fixed nominative, loosely attached to ἄγγελον)→ imperfective (introducing direct speech)λέγω: 'say'; the recurring Semitic nominative λέγων introducing oracular speech.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner/means)
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of mannerφωνή: 'voice.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
ΦοβήθητεfearAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · φοβέομαιimperative (command)→ ingressive aorist (come to fear/revere)φοβέομαι: 'fear, reverence'; reverent awe of God, not terror.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with θεόν
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of Φοβήθητεθεός: God; the proper object of fear and worship.
καὶandconnective
δότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative→ aoristic (do-it command)δίδωμι: 'give'; 'give glory' = acknowledge God's worth (cf. 11:13).
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of δότεδόξα: 'glory, honor.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; grounds the imperatives.
ἦλθενhas comeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the causal clause→ dramatic/proleptic aorist (the hour is arrived)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the decisive arrival of judgment's hour.
theNominativearticle with ὥρα
ὥραhourNominativesubject of ἦλθενὥρα: 'hour, appointed time.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with κρίσεως
κρίσεωςjudgmentGenitivegenitive of content/qualityκρίσις: 'judgment'; the eschatological assize.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivesubjective genitive (God judges)
καὶandconnective
προσκυνήσατεworshipAor Act Impv 2 Pl · προσκυνέωimperative→ ingressive aorist (render worship)προσκυνέω: 'worship, prostrate before'; the verb the beast usurps in ch. 13.
τῷthe oneDativearticle substantivizing ποιήσαντι
ποιήσαντιwho madeAor Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ποιέωsubstantival participle, object of προσκυνήσατε→ aoristic (the completed act of creation)ποιέω: 'make, create'; the Creator-formula echoes Exod 20:11; Ps 145:6 — the ground for worship.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with οὐρανόν
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of ποιήσαντιοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of ποιήσαντιγῆ: 'earth.'
καὶandconnective
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of ποιήσαντιθάλασσα: 'sea.'
καὶandconnective
πηγὰςspringsAccusativeobject of ποιήσαντιπηγή: 'spring, fountain.'
ὑδάτωνof watersGenitivegenitive of contentὕδωρ: 'water.'
8

Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος δεύτερος ἠκολούθησεν λέγων· Ἔπεσεν, ἔπεσεν Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη, ἣ ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς πεπότικεν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη.

And another, a second angel, followed, saying: "Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great, who has made all the nations drink of the wine of the passion of her fornication."

Second angelΚαίThe proleptic announcement of Babylon's fall (Isa 21:9; Jer 51:8), anticipating chs. 17–18. The doubled ἔπεσεν heightens the certainty of the verdict.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeattributive with ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἠκολούθησενἄγγελος: 'angel'; the second herald.
δεύτεροςsecondNominativeordinal adjectiveδεύτερος: 'second.'
ἠκολούθησενfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ aoristic (succession)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; here of one angel succeeding another.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: 'say.'
ἜπεσενfallenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (prophetic perfect-sense)→ proleptic/prophetic aorist (the fall as good as done)πίπτω: 'fall'; the doubled aorist renders the Hebrew prophetic perfect of Isa 21:9.
ἔπεσενfallenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωemphatic repetition→ proleptic aorist (intensifying repetition)πίπτω: repeated for emphasis.
ΒαβυλὼνBabylonNominativeindeclinable proper noun, subject of ἔπεσεν (nominative by position)Βαβυλών: Babylon; in Revelation a cipher for Rome, the idolatrous world-city (chs. 17–18).
theNominativearticle with μεγάλη
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjective (the standing epithet)μέγας: 'great'; 'Babylon the great' (cf. Dan 4:30; Rev 17:5).
whoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of πεπότικεν
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (partitive/source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οἴνου
οἴνουwineGenitiveobject of ἐκοἶνος: 'wine'; the intoxicating wine of Babylon's seductions (cf. Jer 51:7).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυμοῦ
θυμοῦpassionGenitivegenitive of quality (the wine's nature)θυμός: 'passion, wrath'; here the maddening 'passion' of her fornication — the word that turns to God's 'wrath' in vv. 10, 19.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with πορνείας
πορνείαςfornicationGenitivegenitive of source/qualityπορνεία: 'sexual immorality, fornication'; metaphor for idolatry and corrupt alliance with the world-system.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
πεπότικενhas made drinkPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωverb of the relative clause→ consummative perfect (an accomplished, abiding seduction)ποτίζω: 'give to drink, cause to drink'; causative.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective with ἔθνηπᾶς: 'all.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἔθνη
ἔθνηnationsAccusativeobject of πεπότικενἔθνος: 'nation'; all the world's peoples intoxicated by Babylon.
9

Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος τρίτος ἠκολούθησεν αὐτοῖς λέγων ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· Εἴ τις προσκυνεῖ τὸ θηρίον καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα αὐτοῦ, καὶ λαμβάνει χάραγμα ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου αὐτοῦ ἢ ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ,

And another, a third angel, followed them, saying with a loud voice: "If anyone worships the beast and its image, and receives a mark on his forehead or on his hand,

Third angel (protasis)ΚαίThe third angel issues the most solemn warning of the book. This verse is the protasis (the condition); v. 10 supplies the apodosis (the consequence).
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeattributive with ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἠκολούθησενἄγγελος: 'angel'; the third herald.
τρίτοςthirdNominativeordinal adjectiveτρίτος: 'third.'
ἠκολούθησενfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ aoristic (succession)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative complement of ἠκολούθησεν
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: 'say.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of mannerφωνή: 'voice.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
Εἴifconditional conjunction (first-class, real condition)εἰ: 'if'; with the present indicative, a real/assumed condition.
τιςanyoneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'anyone, someone.'
προσκυνεῖworshipsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωverb of the protasis→ imperfective (habitual worship)προσκυνέω: 'worship'; here the idolatrous beast-worship of 13:4, 8.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with θηρίον
θηρίονbeastAccusativeobject of προσκυνεῖθηρίον: 'wild beast'; the blasphemous empire of ch. 13.
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with εἰκόνα
εἰκόναimageAccusativeobject of προσκυνεῖεἰκών: 'image'; the cult-image of the beast (13:14–15).
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
λαμβάνειreceivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωsecond verb of the protasis→ imperfective (accepting the mark)λαμβάνω: 'take, receive.'
χάραγμαmarkAccusativeobject of λαμβάνειχάραγμα: 'stamp, brand, mark'; the beast's counter-seal (13:16–17).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with μετώπου
μετώπουforeheadGenitiveobject of ἐπίμέτωπον: 'forehead.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with χεῖρα
χεῖραhandAccusativeobject of ἐπίχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
10

καὶ αὐτὸς πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ, καὶ βασανισθήσεται ἐν πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ ἐνώπιον ἀγγέλων ἁγίων καὶ ἐνώπιον τοῦ ἀρνίου.

he too will drink of the wine of the wrath of God, poured undiluted into the cup of his anger, and he will be tormented with fire and sulfur before the holy angels and before the Lamb.

Apodosis of the warningκαίThe lex talionis of judgment: those who shared Babylon's intoxicating wine (v. 8) must drink God's undiluted wrath. The oxymoron 'mixed unmixed' (κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου) intensifies the cup's potency.
καὶandconnective (introducing apodosis)
αὐτὸςhe tooNominativeintensive pronoun, subjectαὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic — that very person.
πίεταιwill drinkFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίνωmain verb→ predictive future (certain doom)πίνω: 'drink'; deponent future middle.
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οἴνου
οἴνουwineGenitiveobject of ἐκοἶνος: 'wine'; the cup-of-wrath image (Ps 75:8; Jer 25:15).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυμοῦ
θυμοῦwrathGenitivegenitive of qualityθυμός: 'wrath, fury'; the same word as Babylon's 'passion' (v. 8) — the punishment mirrors the crime.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveθεός: God; whose the wrath is.
τοῦwhichGenitivearticle with κεκερασμένου
κεκερασμένουpouredPerf Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · κεράννυμιattributive participle modifying οἴνου→ intensive perfect (already prepared)κεράννυμι: 'mix, pour out (wine)'; the perfect marks the cup as ready.
ἀκράτουundilutedGenitivepredicate adjective (the manner of mixing)ἄκρατος: 'unmixed, full strength'; the oxymoron 'mixed unmixed' — wrath at undiluted potency.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle with ποτηρίῳ
ποτηρίῳcupDativeobject of ἐνποτήριον: 'cup'; the prophetic cup of divine judgment.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with ὀργῆς
ὀργῆςangerGenitivegenitive of contentὀργή: 'anger, wrath'; paired with θυμός for full settled judicial anger.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
βασανισθήσεταιwill be tormentedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · βασανίζωmain verb→ predictive futureβασανίζω: 'torment, torture'; originally 'test by the touchstone (βάσανος).'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means)
πυρὶfireDativeinstrumental dativeπῦρ: 'fire'; with sulfur, the Sodom-imagery of judgment (Gen 19:24).
καὶandconnective
θείῳsulfurDativeinstrumental dativeθεῖον: 'sulfur, brimstone.'
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
ἀγγέλωνangelsGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονἄγγελος: 'angel'; the holy witnesses of judgment.
ἁγίωνholyGenitiveattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
καὶandconnective
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitive
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ἀρνίου
ἀρνίουLambGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονἀρνίον: 'Lamb'; the slain Lamb presides even over the judgment of his enemies.
11

καὶ ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων ἀναβαίνει, καὶ οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνάπαυσιν ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς οἱ προσκυνοῦντες τὸ θηρίον καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἴ τις λαμβάνει τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ.

And the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever, and they have no rest day and night — those who worship the beast and its image, and whoever receives the mark of its name.

Consequence elaboratedκαίThe rising smoke (Isa 34:10) and the denial of 'rest' deliberately invert the saints' rest of v. 13: the worshipers of the beast have no ἀνάπαυσις.
καὶandconnective
theNominativearticle with καπνός
καπνὸςsmokeNominativesubject of ἀναβαίνεικαπνός: 'smoke'; the rising smoke of judgment (Isa 34:10; Gen 19:28).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with βασανισμοῦ
βασανισμοῦtormentGenitivegenitive of sourceβασανισμός: 'torment'; cognate with βασανίζω (v. 10).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
αἰῶναςagesAccusativeobject of εἰς (duration)αἰών: 'age'; εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων, 'forever and ever.'
αἰώνωνof agesGenitivegenitive intensifying (Hebraic superlative)αἰών: the doubled phrase expresses unending duration.
ἀναβαίνειgoes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ gnomic/durative present (perpetual ascent)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend.'
καὶandconnective
οὐκnotnegation
ἔχουσινthey havePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ durative present (continuous unrest)ἔχω: 'have.'
ἀνάπαυσινrestAccusativeobject of ἔχουσινἀνάπαυσις: 'rest, respite'; pointedly denied here, granted to the dead in the Lord (v. 13).
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (within which)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
καὶandconnective
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of timeνύξ: 'night'; 'day and night' = ceaselessly.
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing προσκυνοῦντες (subject of ἔχουσιν)
προσκυνοῦντεςworshipingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσκυνέωsubstantival participle, delayed subject→ imperfective (habitual worship)προσκυνέω: 'worship.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with θηρίον
θηρίονbeastAccusativeobject of προσκυνοῦντεςθηρίον: 'beast.'
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with εἰκόνα
εἰκόναimageAccusativeobject of προσκυνοῦντεςεἰκών: 'image.'
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
εἴifconditional conjunctionεἰ: 'if.'
τιςanyoneNominativesubject of λαμβάνειτις: 'anyone.'
λαμβάνειreceivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of the conditional clause→ imperfectiveλαμβάνω: 'receive.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with χάραγμα
χάραγμαmarkAccusativeobject of λαμβάνειχάραγμα: 'mark, brand.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ὀνόματος
ὀνόματοςnameGenitivegenitive of source/identificationὄνομα: 'name'; the mark identifies its bearer with the beast's name (13:17).
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive
12

Ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν, οἱ τηροῦντες τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν πίστιν Ἰησοῦ.

Here is the endurance of the saints, those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus.

Hortatory asideasyndetonA direct address to the reader (as at 13:10, 18), drawing the practical point: the certainty of the beast-worshipers' doom is the ground for the saints' patient endurance.
Ὧδεhereadverb (focal)ὧδε: 'here'; calls attention to the lesson (cf. 13:10, 18).
theNominativearticle with ὑπομονή
ὑπομονὴenduranceNominativesubject (predicate of ἐστίν)ὑπομονή: 'steadfast endurance, patient perseverance'; the saints' cardinal virtue under the beast.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἁγίων
ἁγίωνsaintsGenitivesubjective genitive (the saints endure)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the faithful covenant people.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing τηροῦντες (nominative pendens, ad sensum with ἁγίων)
τηροῦντεςkeepingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τηρέωsubstantival participle in loose apposition to ἁγίων (the famous nominative-of-pendens solecism)→ imperfective (continual keeping)τηρέω: 'keep, observe, guard'; the nominative does not agree with the genitive ἁγίων — a characteristic Johannine apocalyptic irregularity.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with ἐντολάς
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativeobject of τηροῦντεςἐντολή: 'commandment'; cf. 12:17.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: God.
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with πίστιν
πίστινfaithAccusativesecond object of τηροῦντεςπίστις: 'faith, faithfulness'; 'the faith of Jesus' — faith in him or faithfulness like his.
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitiveobjective or qualitative genitiveἸησοῦς: 'Jesus'; the genitive is debated — objective ('faith in Jesus') or 'the faithfulness of Jesus.'
13

Καὶ ἤκουσα φωνῆς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ λεγούσης· Γράψον· Μακάριοι οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ ἐν κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἀπ’ ἄρτι. ναί, λέγει τὸ πνεῦμα, ἵνα ἀναπαήσονται ἐκ τῶν κόπων αὐτῶν· τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν.

And I heard a voice from heaven saying: "Write: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on." "Yes," says the Spirit, "that they may rest from their labors, for their works follow with them."

Heavenly beatitudeΚαίThe second of Revelation's seven beatitudes. The Spirit confirms the heavenly voice; the saints' 'rest' (ἀνάπαυσις-cognate) deliberately answers the beast-worshipers' restlessness (v. 11).
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ aoristic (vision report)ἀκούω: 'hear.'
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσαφωνή: 'voice'; ἀκούω with genitive of the thing/person heard.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οὐρανοῦ
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐκοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
λεγούσηςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · λέγωattributive participle modifying φωνῆς→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: 'say'; agrees with φωνῆς.
ΓράψονwriteAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γράφωimperative (command to John)→ aoristic (do-it command)γράφω: 'write'; the seer is told to record the oracle (cf. 1:11, 19).
ΜακάριοιblessedNominativepredicate adjective (beatitude)μακάριος: 'blessed, happy'; the macarism formula.
οἱtheNominativearticle with νεκροί
νεκροὶdeadNominativesubject of the beatitudeνεκρός: 'dead'; the believing dead — martyrs and faithful alike.
οἱthe onesNominativearticle substantivizing ἀποθνῄσκοντες
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
κυρίῳthe LordDativedative of sphere ('in the Lord')κύριος: 'Lord'; union with Christ as the sphere of blessed death.
ἀποθνῄσκοντεςdyingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποθνῄσκωattributive participle modifying νεκροί→ imperfective (those who go on dying)ἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (temporal)
ἄρτιnowtemporal adverb (object of ἀπό)ἄρτι: 'now'; ἀπ’ ἄρτι, 'from now on' — possibly modifying the dying or the blessedness.
ναίyesaffirmative particleναί: 'yes, indeed'; the Spirit's emphatic confirmation.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (Spirit's response)→ vivid presentλέγω: 'say.'
τὸtheNominativearticle with πνεῦμα
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of λέγειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Spirit corroborates the heavenly voice (cf. 22:17).
ἵναthatconjunction (here near-result/explanatory)ἵνα: 'that'; introducing the substance of the blessing.
ἀναπαήσονταιthey may restFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀναπαύωverb of the ἵνα clause (future for subjunctive)→ predictive future (assured rest)ἀναπαύω: 'give rest'; the cognate of ἀνάπαυσις denied to the lost (v. 11).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with κόπων
κόπωνlaborsGenitiveobject of ἐκκόπος: 'labor, toil'; the wearisome work of faithful endurance.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
τὰtheNominativearticle with ἔργα
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἔργαworksNominativesubject of ἀκολουθεῖἔργον: 'work, deed'; their deeds accompany them as testimony before God.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀκολουθεῖfollowPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb (neuter plural subject + singular verb)→ gnomic presentἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; neuter plural ἔργα takes a singular verb.
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετά: 'with.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
14

Καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ νεφέλη λευκή, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν νεφέλην καθήμενον ὅμοιον υἱὸν ἀνθρώπου, ἔχων ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ στέφανον χρυσοῦν καὶ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ δρέπανον ὀξύ.

And I looked, and behold, a white cloud, and on the cloud one seated like a son of man, having on his head a golden crown and in his hand a sharp sickle.

New vision (the harvest)ΚαίThe Danielic 'one like a son of man' (Dan 7:13) appears crowned and armed for harvest. The mixed cases (ὅμοιον with accusative υἱόν; ἔχων nominative) are characteristic apocalyptic solecisms.
Καὶandnarrative connective
εἶδονI lookedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ aoristic (new vision)ὁράω: 'see.'
καὶandconnective
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold!'
νεφέληcloudNominativesubject of the presentationνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the cloud of theophany and the Son of Man's coming (Dan 7:13).
λευκήwhiteNominativeattributive adjectiveλευκός: 'white, bright'; the color of heavenly glory.
καὶandconnective
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with νεφέλην
νεφέληνcloudAccusativeobject of ἐπίνεφέλη: 'cloud.'
καθήμενονseatedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle, object of εἶδον (the one seated)→ imperfective (seated posture)κάθημαι: 'sit'; the enthroned harvester.
ὅμοιονlikeAccusativepredicate adjective (with the following accusative)ὅμοιος: 'like, similar'; normally takes the dative, but here governs the accusative — a Revelation solecism.
υἱὸνa sonAccusativeaccusative after ὅμοιον (solecistic)υἱός: 'son'; υἱὸν ἀνθρώπου, the Danielic 'one like a son of man' (Dan 7:13).
ἀνθρώπουof manGenitivegenitive of relationshipἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being.'
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωparticiple (nominative, loosely attached — solecistic)→ imperfective (bearing)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; the nominative ἔχων does not agree with the accusative καθήμενον.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with κεφαλῆς
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐπίκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
στέφανονcrownAccusativeobject of ἔχωνστέφανος: 'crown, wreath'; the victor's golden crown of royal/triumphant authority.
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeattributive adjectiveχρυσοῦς: 'golden.'
καὶandconnective
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle with χειρί
χειρὶhandDativeobject of ἐνχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
δρέπανονsickleAccusativesecond object of ἔχωνδρέπανον: 'sickle, pruning-hook'; the harvest-of-judgment tool (Joel 3:13).
ὀξύsharpAccusativeattributive adjectiveὀξύς: 'sharp.'
15

καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ, κράζων ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῆς νεφέλης· Πέμψον τὸ δρέπανόν σου καὶ θέρισον, ὅτι ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι, ὅτι ἐξηράνθη ὁ θερισμὸς τῆς γῆς.

And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud voice to the one seated on the cloud: "Send your sickle and reap, because the hour to reap has come, because the harvest of the earth is dry."

The grain-harvest commandκαίThe angel emerges from the temple — the command comes from God's own presence. The double ὅτι grounds the summons in the harvest's ripeness (Joel 3:13).
καὶandnarrative connective
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeattributive with ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out.'
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ναοῦ
ναοῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκναός: 'temple, sanctuary'; the heavenly shrine — the command bears divine authority.
κράζωνcryingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κράζωattendant-circumstance participle modifying ἄγγελος→ imperfective (loud crying)κράζω: 'cry out, shout.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of mannerφωνή: 'voice.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
τῷto the oneDativearticle substantivizing καθημένῳ
καθημένῳseatedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle, addressee of κράζων→ imperfectiveκάθημαι: 'sit'; the Son of Man of v. 14.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with νεφέλης
νεφέληςcloudGenitiveobject of ἐπίνεφέλη: 'cloud.'
ΠέμψονsendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πέμπωimperative (command)→ aoristic (do-it command)πέμπω: 'send'; 'put in / thrust the sickle.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with δρέπανον
δρέπανόνsickleAccusativeobject of Πέμψονδρέπανον: 'sickle.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
θέρισονreapAor Act Impv 2 Sg · θερίζωimperative→ aoristic (decisive reaping)θερίζω: 'reap, harvest.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
ἦλθενhas comeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the causal clause→ dramatic aorist (the hour arrived)ἔρχομαι: 'come.'
theNominativearticle with ὥρα
ὥραhourNominativesubject of ἦλθενὥρα: 'hour, appointed time.'
θερίσαιto reapAor Act Inf · θερίζωepexegetic infinitive with ὥρα→ aoristicθερίζω: 'reap.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (second ground)ὅτι: 'because.'
ἐξηράνθηis dryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξηραίνωverb of the second causal clause→ consummative aorist (reached dryness/ripeness)ξηραίνω: 'dry up, ripen'; the grain is over-ripe, ready for the sickle.
theNominativearticle with θερισμός
θερισμὸςharvestNominativesubject of ἐξηράνθηθερισμός: 'harvest'; here the grain-harvest of the earth.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitiveobjective/possessive genitiveγῆ: 'earth.'
16

καὶ ἔβαλεν ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῆς νεφέλης τὸ δρέπανον αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ.

And the one seated on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the earth was reaped.

Execution of the commandκαίThe terse fulfillment: command (v. 15) answered by act (v. 16). The passive ἐθερίσθη leaves the grain-harvest's character (ingathering of the elect or judgment) deliberately open.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἔβαλενswungAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive act)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; here 'put / swing' the sickle to the earth.
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing καθήμενος
καθήμενοςseatedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle, subject of ἔβαλεν→ imperfectiveκάθημαι: 'sit'; the Son of Man.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with νεφέλης
νεφέληςcloudGenitiveobject of ἐπίνεφέλη: 'cloud.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with δρέπανον
δρέπανονsickleAccusativeobject of ἔβαλενδρέπανον: 'sickle.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth.'
καὶandconnective
ἐθερίσθηwas reapedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θερίζωmain verb→ consummative aorist (the harvest accomplished)θερίζω: 'reap'; divine passive — God brings in the harvest.
theNominativearticle with γῆ
γῆearthNominativesubject of ἐθερίσθηγῆ: 'earth.'
17

Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ἔχων καὶ αὐτὸς δρέπανον ὀξύ.

And another angel came out of the temple that is in heaven, he too having a sharp sickle.

New vision (the vintage)ΚαίThe second, unambiguously judgmental harvest — the vintage. A new angel, also sickle-bearing, emerges from the heavenly temple.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeattributive with ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'come out.'
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ναοῦ
ναοῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκναός: 'temple, sanctuary.'
τοῦthatGenitivearticle (attributive, with the prepositional phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle with οὐρανῷ
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle modifying ἄγγελος→ imperfective (bearing)ἔχω: 'have, hold.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive ('he too')καί: here 'also, too.'
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun ('he himself too')αὐτός: 'himself.'
δρέπανονsickleAccusativeobject of ἔχωνδρέπανον: 'sickle'; here the pruning-hook for the vintage.
ὀξύsharpAccusativeattributive adjectiveὀξύς: 'sharp.'
18

καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου, ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός, καὶ ἐφώνησεν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ τῷ ἔχοντι τὸ δρέπανον τὸ ὀξὺ λέγων· Πέμψον σου τὸ δρέπανον τὸ ὀξὺ καὶ τρύγησον τοὺς βότρυας τῆς ἀμπέλου τῆς γῆς, ὅτι ἤκμασαν αἱ σταφυλαὶ αὐτῆς.

And another angel came out from the altar, the one who has authority over the fire, and he called with a loud voice to the one having the sharp sickle, saying: "Send your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth, because its grapes are ripe."

The vintage commandκαίThe angel of the altar-fire — recalling the saints' prayers under the altar (6:9–10; 8:3–5) — commands the vintage. The judgment answers the cry of the martyrs.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeattributive with ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'come out.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θυσιαστηρίου
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitiveobject of ἐκθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the heavenly altar where martyrs' prayers ascend (6:9; 8:3–5).
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing ἔχων (apposition to ἄγγελος)
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle in apposition to ἄγγελος→ imperfective (possessing)ἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativeobject of ἔχωνἐξουσία: 'authority, power.'
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority-over)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with πυρός
πυρόςfireGenitiveobject of ἐπίπῦρ: 'fire'; the altar-fire, instrument of judgment.
καὶandconnective
ἐφώνησενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ aoristicφωνέω: 'call out, summon.'
φωνῇvoiceDativedative of mannerφωνή: 'voice.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
τῷto the oneDativearticle substantivizing ἔχοντι
ἔχοντιhavingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle, addressee of ἐφώνησεν→ imperfectiveἔχω: 'have'; the sickle-bearing angel of v. 17.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with δρέπανον
δρέπανονsickleAccusativeobject of ἔχοντιδρέπανον: 'sickle.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive) with ὀξύ
ὀξὺsharpAccusativeattributive adjective (second-attributive position)ὀξύς: 'sharp.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: 'say.'
ΠέμψονsendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πέμπωimperative (command)→ aoristic (do-it command)πέμπω: 'send, thrust in.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive (fronted)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with δρέπανον
δρέπανονsickleAccusativeobject of Πέμψονδρέπανον: 'sickle.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive) with ὀξύ
ὀξὺsharpAccusativeattributive adjectiveὀξύς: 'sharp.'
καὶandconnective
τρύγησονgatherAor Act Impv 2 Sg · τρυγάωimperative→ aoristic (decisive vintage)τρυγάω: 'gather (the vintage), pluck ripe grapes.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with βότρυας
βότρυαςclustersAccusativeobject of τρύγησονβότρυς: 'cluster of grapes.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with ἀμπέλου
ἀμπέλουvineGenitivepossessive genitiveἄμπελος: 'vine'; the vine of the earth — the wicked ripe for wrath (cf. Isa 5; Joel 3:13).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitivepossessive genitiveγῆ: 'earth.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
ἤκμασανare ripeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκμάζωverb of the causal clause→ consummative aorist (reached peak ripeness)ἀκμάζω: 'be at the prime, be ripe'; from ἀκμή, 'the highest point.'
αἱtheNominativearticle with σταφυλαί
σταφυλαὶgrapesNominativesubject of ἤκμασανσταφυλή: 'ripe grape-cluster.'
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (of the vine)
19

καὶ ἔβαλεν ὁ ἄγγελος τὸ δρέπανον αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐτρύγησεν τὴν ἄμπελον τῆς γῆς καὶ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν.

And the angel swung his sickle to the earth and gathered the vine of the earth and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God.

Execution of the vintageκαίThe masculine τὸν μέγαν agrees ad sensum with the (normally feminine) ληνόν — a deliberate solecism; the vintage is cast into the great winepress of God's θυμός.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἔβαλενswungAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive act)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; 'put / swing' the sickle.
theNominativearticle with ἄγγελος
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἔβαλενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with δρέπανον
δρέπανονsickleAccusativeobject of ἔβαλενδρέπανον: 'sickle.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰςγῆ: 'earth.'
καὶandconnective
ἐτρύγησενgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τρυγάωmain verb→ aoristicτρυγάω: 'gather the vintage.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ἄμπελον
ἄμπελονvineAccusativeobject of ἐτρύγησενἄμπελος: 'vine.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitivepossessive genitiveγῆ: 'earth.'
καὶandconnective
ἔβαλενthrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ aoristicβάλλω: 'throw, cast.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ληνόν
ληνὸνwinepressAccusativeobject of εἰςληνός: 'winepress, wine-trough'; the trodden press becomes the image of bloody judgment (Isa 63:1–6).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυμοῦ
θυμοῦwrathGenitivegenitive of quality/contentθυμός: 'wrath, fury'; the winepress of God's wrath.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: God.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with μέγαν (resuming ληνόν ad sensum)
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjective — masculine ad sensum with the feminine ληνόν (solecism)μέγας: 'great'; the masculine τὸν μέγαν disagrees in gender with ληνόν, a Revelation irregularity.
20

καὶ ἐπατήθη ἡ ληνὸς ἔξωθεν τῆς πόλεως, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν αἷμα ἐκ τῆς ληνοῦ ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων ἀπὸ σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων.

And the winepress was trodden outside the city, and blood came out of the winepress up to the bridles of the horses, for a thousand six hundred stadia.

Climax of judgmentκαίThe vintage is trodden 'outside the city' (cf. Heb 13:12; Joel 3:12–13); the staggering flood of blood — to the bridles for 1,600 stadia (a symbolic 4 × 4 × 100) — depicts the total extent of the eschatological judgment.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἐπατήθηwas troddenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πατέωmain verb→ consummative aorist (the treading completed)πατέω: 'tread, trample'; the divine passive — God treads the press (Isa 63:3).
theNominativearticle with ληνός
ληνὸςwinepressNominativesubject of ἐπατήθηληνός: 'winepress.'
ἔξωθενoutsideimproper preposition + genitive (place)ἔξωθεν: 'outside, from without.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with πόλεως
πόλεωςcityGenitiveobject of ἔξωθενπόλις: 'city'; the holy city — judgment falls outside its precincts (cf. Heb 13:12).
καὶandconnective
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'come out, flow out.'
αἷμαbloodNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθεναἷμα: 'blood'; the trodden 'wine' is blood — the slaughter of the wicked.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with ληνοῦ
ληνοῦwinepressGenitiveobject of ἐκληνός: 'winepress.'
ἄχριup toimproper preposition + genitive (extent)ἄχρι: 'up to, as far as.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with χαλινῶν
χαλινῶνbridlesGenitiveobject of ἄχριχαλινός: 'bridle, bit'; the blood reaches the horses' bridles — a hyperbolic depth.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἵππων
ἵππωνhorsesGenitivepossessive genitiveἵππος: 'horse.'
ἀπὸforpreposition + genitive (measure of distance)ἀπό: here marking the extent, 'for / over a distance of.'
σταδίωνstadiaGenitivegenitive of measureστάδιον: 'stadion' (c. 185 m); 1,600 stadia ≈ the length of Palestine, here a symbolic figure.
χιλίωνthousandGenitivecardinal with σταδίωνχίλιοι: 'a thousand.'
ἑξακοσίωνsix hundredGenitivecardinal with σταδίωνἑξακόσιοι: 'six hundred'; 1,600 = 4 × 4 × 100, a number of completeness/universality.