Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 8ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ὅταν ἤνοιξεν τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἑβδόμην, ἐγένετο σιγὴ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ὡς ἡμιώριον.

And when he opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about half an hour.

Seventh seal openedκαίThe seal series of chs. 6–7 closes: the seventh seal yields not a new plague but an arresting half-hour of cosmic silence — a hush of awe and expectancy before the trumpet judgments. The temporal ὅταν with the aorist ἤνοιξεν is irregular for the indicative (normally ὅτε), one of Revelation's grammatical roughnesses.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (paratactic καί, narrative)
ὅτανwhentemporal particle (ὅταν + aor. indic., for ὅτε)ὅταν: 'whenever, when'; normally with the subjunctive — here joined to the aorist indicative ἤνοιξεν, a Semitizing/colloquial irregularity typical of the Apocalypse.
ἤνοιξενhe openedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristἀνοίγω: 'open'; the Lamb opens the last of the seven seals (cf. 6:1).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with σφραγῖδα
σφραγῖδαsealAccusativedirect object of ἤνοιξενσφραγίς: 'seal'; the wax-impression securing the scroll (5:1) — its breaking releases the decree of judgment.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (second attributive position)
ἑβδόμηνseventhAccusativeordinal adj. modifying σφραγῖδαἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the climactic and final seal.
ἐγένετοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal 'there was')→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; here 'there arose/came to be' silence.
σιγὴsilenceNominativesubject of ἐγένετοσιγή: 'silence, hush'; a dramatic pause — possibly the stillness in which the saints' prayers are heard (vv.3–4), echoing Zeph 1:7, Hab 2:20.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of place
τῷtheDativearticle with οὐρανῷ
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐν (place where)οὐρανός: 'heaven'; the locus of the throne-vision and the silence.
ὡςaboutadverb of approximation with ἡμιώριονὡς: 'about, approximately' (with a measure of time).
ἡμιώριονhalf an hourAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμιώριον: 'half-hour' (ἥμισυ + ὥρα); a brief but weighty interval — the only NT occurrence.
2

Καὶ εἶδον τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλους οἳ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἑστήκασιν, καὶ ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες.

And I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and seven trumpets were given to them.

Vision of the seven angelsκαίThe seer's signature καὶ εἶδον introduces the trumpet cycle. The seven angels are the 'angels of the Presence' (cf. Tob 12:15; Lk 1:19); the perfect ἑστήκασιν marks their settled standing before God. The divine passive ἐδόθησαν ('were given') keeps God the unnamed Giver.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (vision formula)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the recurring καὶ εἶδον that structures the seer's visions.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ἀγγέλους
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral modifying ἀγγέλουςἑπτά: 'seven'; the number of completeness, structuring the whole vision (seals, trumpets, bowls).
ἀγγέλουςangelsAccusativedirect object of εἶδονἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; the seven archangels of Presence (Tob 12:15).
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of ἑστήκασιν
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition (+ gen.) of placeἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθεός: 'God'; the angels stand in his immediate presence.
ἑστήκασινthey standPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιverb of the relative clause→ perfect of state (intransitive 'stand')ἵστημι: in the perfect, 'have taken one's stand, stand'; a settled, attendant posture before the throne.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδόθησανwere givenAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the passive leaves God the implied Giver — a hallmark of the Apocalypse's commissioned judgments.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral modifying σάλπιγγεςἑπτά: 'seven.'
σάλπιγγεςtrumpetsNominativesubject of ἐδόθησανσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet'; the war/theophany horn (Exod 19; Joel 2) heralding the next judgments.
3

Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἦλθεν καὶ ἐστάθη ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ἔχων λιβανωτὸν χρυσοῦν, καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ θυμιάματα πολλὰ ἵνα δώσει ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων πάντων ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν τὸ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου.

And another angel came and stood at the altar, holding a golden censer, and much incense was given to him to offer with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar before the throne.

The angel-priest at the altarκαίAn interlude: another angel performs a priestly liturgy at the golden incense-altar. The incense is 'given' (ἐδόθη) to be offered with the prayers of the saints — taking up the cry 'how long?' of 6:10. Note the irregular ἵνα + future indicative (δώσει) and the neuter article τὸ χρυσοῦν agreeing oddly, both Apocalyptic roughnesses.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄλλοςanotherNominativeadj. modifying ἄγγελοςἄλλος: 'another (of the same kind)'; distinct from the seven trumpet-angels.
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἦλθεν / ἐστάθηἄγγελος: 'angel'; here functioning as a heavenly priest.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐστάθηstoodAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (intransitive 'took his stand')→ ingressive aorist (intransitive pass.)ἵστημι: aor. pass. used intransitively, 'stood, took his position.'
ἐπὶatpreposition (+ gen.) of placeἐπί: 'at, by, upon.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θυσιαστηρίου
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitiveobject of ἐπίθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the heavenly altar of incense (cf. Exod 30:1–10).
ἔχωνholdingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcircumstantial (attendant) ptc.→ imperfective presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
λιβανωτὸνa censerAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνλιβανωτός: properly 'frankincense,' here by metonymy the 'censer' that holds it.
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeadj. modifying λιβανωτόνχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; the precious vessels of the heavenly sanctuary.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; God the implied Giver.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)
θυμιάματαincenseNominativesubject of ἐδόθηθυμίαμα: 'incense, fragrant offering'; in 5:8 it is identified with the prayers of the saints.
πολλὰmuchNominativeadj. modifying θυμιάματαπολύς: 'much, many.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; here with the future indicative δώσει — an irregular construction in the Apocalypse.
δώσειhe might offerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the purpose clause (ἵνα + fut. indic.)→ future (for subjunctive)δίδωμι: 'give, present, offer'; the future indicative after ἵνα is a solecistic substitute for the subjunctive.
ταῖςtheDativearticle with προσευχαῖς
προσευχαῖςprayersDativedative of association ('with the prayers')προσευχή: 'prayer'; the incense ascends together with the saints' petitions.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἁγίων
ἁγίωνsaintsGenitivegenitive (possessor of the prayers)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the whole people of God.
πάντωνallGenitiveadj. modifying ἁγίωνπᾶς: 'all'; the prayers of the entire church.
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ acc.) of placeἐπί: 'upon, on.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with θυσιαστήριον
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativeobject of ἐπίθυσιαστήριον: 'altar'; the golden altar of incense before the throne.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (second attributive position)
χρυσοῦνgoldenAccusativeadj. modifying θυσιαστήριονχρυσοῦς: 'golden.'
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle governing the prepositional phrase ἐνώπιον...
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition (+ gen.) of placeἐνώπιον: 'before, in front of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θρόνου
θρόνουthroneGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθρόνος: 'throne'; the throne of God dominating chs. 4–5.
4

καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ καπνὸς τῶν θυμιαμάτων ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ.

And the smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, went up before God out of the angel's hand.

Prayers ascend before GodκαίThe result of the offering: the incense-smoke, joined with the saints' prayers, rises into God's presence — a pledge that their cries are heard and about to be answered in the trumpet judgments that follow.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend'; the smoke (and prayers) rise toward God (cf. Ps 141:2).
theNominativearticle with καπνός
καπνὸςsmokeNominativesubject of ἀνέβηκαπνός: 'smoke'; the rising incense-cloud, image of accepted prayer.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with θυμιαμάτων
θυμιαμάτωνincenseGenitivegenitive of source/material (smoke of the incense)θυμίαμα: 'incense.'
ταῖςwith theDativearticle with προσευχαῖς
προσευχαῖςprayersDativedative of association ('together with the prayers')προσευχή: 'prayer'; the smoke rises 'with' the prayers it embodies.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἁγίων
ἁγίωνsaintsGenitivegenitive (possessor of the prayers)ἅγιος: 'saint, holy one.'
ἐκout ofpreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἐκ: 'out of, from.'
χειρὸςthe handGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)χείρ: 'hand'; the angel-priest's hand from which the incense ascends.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ἀγγέλου
ἀγγέλουangelGenitivegenitive of possession (the angel's hand)ἄγγελος: 'angel'; the incense-bearing priest of v.3.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition (+ gen.) of placeἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθεός: 'God'; the prayers reach his very presence.
5

καὶ εἴληφεν ὁ ἄγγελος τὸν λιβανωτόν, καὶ ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν γῆν· καὶ ἐγένοντο βρονταὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ καὶ σεισμός.

And the angel took the censer and filled it with fire from the altar and cast it to the earth; and there came thunders and rumblings and lightnings and an earthquake.

Censer of fire hurled to earthκαίThe prayers answered in judgment: the same censer that bore the saints' prayers up now hurls altar-fire down. The theophany formula (thunders, voices, lightnings, earthquake; cf. 4:5; Exod 19:16–19) signals the onset of the trumpet plagues. The perfect εἴληφεν is used here with aoristic force, a Johannine-Apocalyptic feature.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴληφενtookPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (perfect with aoristic force)→ dramatic/aoristic perfectλαμβάνω: 'take, seize'; the perfect εἴληφεν functions as a narrative aorist, a stylistic trait of the Apocalypse.
theNominativearticle with ἄγγελος
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of the verbsἄγγελος: 'angel'; the priestly angel of vv.3–4.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with λιβανωτόν
λιβανωτόνcenserAccusativedirect object of εἴληφενλιβανωτός: 'censer' (see v.3).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγέμισενfilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γεμίζωmain verb→ constative aoristγεμίζω: 'fill'; cf. the 'filling' of the censer with judgment-fire.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object of ἐγέμισεν
ἐκwith / frompreposition (+ gen.) of content/sourceἐκ: 'from, out of'; here partitive 'with (some of) the fire.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with πυρός
πυρὸςfireGenitiveobject of ἐκ (content/source)πῦρ: 'fire'; altar-fire turned into an instrument of judgment.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυσιαστηρίου
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive of source (fire of the altar)θυσιαστήριον: 'altar.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔβαλενcast itAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the recurring verb of the falling judgments (vv.7, 8).
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.) of directionεἰς: 'into, to.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)γῆ: 'earth, land'; the target of the trumpet plagues.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένοντοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal 'there were')→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be'; introducing the theophany phenomena.
βρονταὶthundersNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοβροντή: 'thunder'; part of the storm-theophany of judgment (4:5; 11:19; 16:18).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωναὶrumblingsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοφωνή: 'sound, voice'; here the rumblings/peals accompanying the storm.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀστραπαὶlightningsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοἀστραπή: 'lightning, flash.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σεισμόςan earthquakeNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοσεισμός: 'earthquake, shaking'; the Sinai-theophany sign (Exod 19:18).
6

Καὶ οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγας ἡτοίμασαν αὐτοὺς ἵνα σαλπίσωσιν.

And the seven angels who had the seven trumpets prepared themselves to sound them.

The angels make readyκαίA transitional hinge: the seven angels of v.2 now make ready to blow. αὐτούς stands for the reflexive ἑαυτούς ('themselves') — a common Koine/Apocalyptic blurring of the reflexive.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἄγγελοι
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral modifying ἄγγελοιἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativesubject of ἡτοίμασανἄγγελος: 'angel'; the trumpet-angels of v.2.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle governing the attributive participle
ἔχοντεςhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωattributive ptc. modifying ἄγγελοι→ imperfective presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with σάλπιγγας
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral modifying σάλπιγγαςἑπτά: 'seven.'
σάλπιγγαςtrumpetsAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντεςσάλπιγξ: 'trumpet' (see v.2).
ἡτοίμασανpreparedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare, make ready.'
αὐτοὺςthemselvesAccusativedirect object (for reflexive ἑαυτούς)αὐτούς here = ἑαυτούς, 'themselves'; the personal pronoun used reflexively, a Koine looseness.
ἵναtoconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; here with the regular subjunctive.
σαλπίσωσινthey might soundAor Act Subj 3 Pl · σαλπίζωverb of the purpose clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveσαλπίζω: 'sound a trumpet, blow.'
7

Καὶ ὁ πρῶτος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ἐγένετο χάλαζα καὶ πῦρ μεμιγμένα ἐν αἵματι, καὶ ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν· καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς κατεκάη, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων κατεκάη, καὶ πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς κατεκάη.

And the first sounded; and there came hail and fire, mingled with blood, and it was cast to the earth; and a third of the earth was burned up, and a third of the trees was burned up, and all green grass was burned up.

First trumpet — hail, fire, bloodκαίThe first trumpet recalls the seventh Egyptian plague (Exod 9:23–25): hail and fire, here mingled with blood, scorch a third of the land. The fractional 'third' marks the trumpets as partial, warning judgments (cf. the bowls' totality in ch. 16). The participle μεμιγμένα is neuter plural agreeing ad sensum with the compound subject.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with πρῶτος
πρῶτοςfirstNominativesubstantival ordinal ('the first [angel]'), subjectπρῶτος: 'first'; the first of the seven trumpet-angels.
ἐσάλπισενsoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'blow the trumpet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be.'
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of ἐγένετοχάλαζα: 'hail'; the plague-instrument of Exod 9.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἐγένετοπῦρ: 'fire'; joined with hail as in the Egyptian plague.
μεμιγμέναmingledPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · μίγνυμιpredicative ptc. agreeing ad sensum with χάλαζα καὶ πῦρ→ perfect of resultant stateμίγνυμι: 'mix, mingle'; the neut. pl. participle takes the compound subject collectively.
ἐνwithpreposition (+ dat.) of accompaniment/meansἐν: 'in, with'; instrumental/associative.
αἵματιbloodDativeobject of ἐν (means/accompaniment)αἷμα: 'blood'; the hail-and-fire fall mixed with blood (cf. Joel 2:30).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβλήθηit was castAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the singular agrees with the nearest/collective subject.
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.) of directionεἰς: 'into, to.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)γῆ: 'earth, land.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction ('a third'), subjectτρίτον: 'a third'; the recurring fraction marking partial judgment.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the earth)γῆ: 'earth, land.'
κατεκάηwas burned upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up completely' (κατά intensive).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subjectτρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with δένδρων
δένδρωνtreesGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the trees)δένδρον: 'tree.'
κατεκάηwas burned upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶςallNominativeadj. modifying χόρτοςπᾶς: 'all, every.'
χόρτοςgrassNominativesubject of κατεκάηχόρτος: 'grass, vegetation.'
χλωρὸςgreenNominativeadj. modifying χόρτοςχλωρός: 'green, verdant.'
κατεκάηwas burned upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακαίω: 'burn up.'
8

Καὶ ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· καὶ ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης αἷμα,

And the second angel sounded; and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea; and a third of the sea became blood,

Second trumpet — the burning mountainκαίThe second trumpet strikes the sea, recalling the first Egyptian plague (Exod 7:20): a fiery mountain-mass turns a third of the sea to blood. ὡς ('as it were') flags the simile-like, visionary quality of the object.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with ἄγγελος
δεύτεροςsecondNominativeordinal adj. modifying ἄγγελοςδεύτερος: 'second.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐσάλπισενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐσάλπισενsoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὡςas it werecomparative particle (visionary 'as')ὡς: 'as, like'; signaling the simile-character of the object seen.
ὄροςmountainNominativesubject of ἐβλήθηὄρος: 'mountain'; a great burning mass (cf. Jer 51:25).
μέγαgreatNominativeadj. modifying ὄροςμέγας: 'great, large.'
πυρὶwith fireDativedative of means/instrumentπῦρ: 'fire'; the mountain ablaze.
καιόμενονburningPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · καίωattributive ptc. modifying ὄρος→ imperfective presentκαίω: 'burn, kindle'; passive 'being burned, ablaze.'
ἐβλήθηwas castAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast.'
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.) of directionεἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with θάλασσαν
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)θάλασσα: 'sea'; the object of the second trumpet.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (copulative 'became')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of ἐγένετοτρίτον: 'a third.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with θαλάσσης
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the sea)θάλασσα: 'sea.'
αἷμαbloodNominativepredicate nominativeαἷμα: 'blood'; the sea turned to blood (Exod 7:20).
9

καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθάρησαν.

and a third of the creatures in the sea, those having life, died, and a third of the ships were destroyed.

Death in the seaκαίThe effect of the second trumpet: a third of living sea-creatures perish and a third of the ships are wrecked. The neuter τὰ ἔχοντα ('those having [souls]') stands in loose apposition, and the plural διεφθάρησαν follows a neuter-singular fractional subject ad sensum — a constructio ad sensum typical of the Apocalypse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of ἀπέθανεντρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with κτισμάτων
κτισμάτωνcreaturesGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the creatures)κτίσμα: 'creature, created thing.'
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle governing the prepositional phrase
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: 'in.'
τῇtheDativearticle with θαλάσσῃ
θαλάσσῃseaDativeobject of ἐν (place where)θάλασσα: 'sea.'
τὰthoseNominativearticle governing the appositional participle
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἔχωsubstantival ptc. in apposition to κτισμάτων→ imperfective presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; 'those having souls/life,' i.e. living creatures (cf. Gen 1:21).
ψυχάςlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταψυχή: 'soul, life'; here animate life (the living creatures).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of διεφθάρησαντρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with πλοίων
πλοίωνshipsGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the ships)πλοῖον: 'ship, boat.'
διεφθάρησανwere destroyedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · διαφθείρωmain verb (plural ad sensum with neut. sg. subject)→ constative aoristδιαφθείρω: 'destroy, ruin'; the plural verb construes the collective 'third' as many ships.
10

Καὶ ὁ τρίτος ἄγγελος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ μέγας καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς, καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων.

And the third angel sounded; and a great star fell from heaven, burning like a torch, and it fell upon a third of the rivers and upon the springs of waters.

Third trumpet — the falling starκαίThe third trumpet poisons the fresh waters. A great blazing star falls upon a third of the rivers and springs; the participle καιόμενος ('burning') and the simile ὡς λαμπάς ('like a torch') paint its fiery descent.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with ἄγγελος
τρίτοςthirdNominativeordinal adj. modifying ἄγγελοςτρίτος: 'third.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐσάλπισενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐσάλπισενsoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; the star's descent.
ἐκfrompreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἐκ: 'out of, from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οὐρανοῦ
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
ἀστὴρa starNominativesubject of ἔπεσενἀστήρ: 'star'; a blazing celestial body of judgment (cf. Isa 14:12).
μέγαςgreatNominativeadj. modifying ἀστήρμέγας: 'great, large.'
καιόμενοςburningPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καίωattributive ptc. modifying ἀστήρ→ imperfective presentκαίω: 'burn'; passive 'blazing, alight.'
ὡςlikecomparative particle introducing simileὡς: 'as, like.'
λαμπάςa torchNominativeobject of comparison (nominative after ὡς)λαμπάς: 'torch, lamp'; the star blazes like a flaming torch.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔπεσενit fellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; repeated for emphasis on the point of impact.
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ acc.) of placeἐπί: 'upon, on.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdAccusativesubstantival fraction (object of ἐπί)τρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ποταμῶν
ποταμῶνriversGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the rivers)ποταμός: 'river.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ acc.) of placeἐπί: 'upon.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with πηγάς
πηγὰςspringsAccusativeobject of ἐπίπηγή: 'spring, fountain'; the sources of fresh water.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ὑδάτων
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitivegenitive (springs of the waters)ὕδωρ: 'water.'
11

καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ Ἄψινθος. καὶ ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῶν ὑδάτων εἰς ἄψινθον, καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν.

And the name of the star is called Wormwood; and a third of the waters became wormwood, and many of the men died from the waters, because they were made bitter.

The star named WormwoodκαίThe star is named ὁ Ἄψινθος, 'Wormwood' — a proverbially bitter, toxic plant (Jer 9:15; 23:15; Prov 5:4 LXX). The masculine article ὁ with the neuter-by-sense plant-name personifies the star. The waters turn bitter (ἐπικράνθησαν), and many die — bitterness of judgment for those who shed the saints' blood (cf. 16:4–6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with ὄνομα
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject of λέγεταιὄνομα: 'name'; naming the star symbolically interprets its effect.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ἀστέρος
ἀστέροςstarGenitivegenitive of possession (the star's name)ἀστήρ: 'star.'
λέγεταιis calledPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfective/gnomic presentλέγω: 'say'; passive 'is called, is named.'
theNominativearticle with Ἄψινθος (naming the title)the masc. article ὁ personifies the plant-name as the star's proper name.
ἌψινθοςWormwoodNominativepredicate nominative (the name)ἄψινθος: 'wormwood,' a bitter, poisonous herb; figurative of calamity and bitter judgment (Jer 9:15; Lam 3:15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of ἐγένετοτρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ὑδάτων
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the waters)ὕδωρ: 'water.'
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.) of result/predicateεἰς: 'into'; here 'became (turned) into wormwood' — a Semitic predicate construction.
ἄψινθονwormwoodAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate of result)ἄψινθος: 'wormwood'; the bitter substance the waters became.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubstantival adj. ('many'), subject of ἀπέθανονπολύς: 'many.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπων
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivepartitive genitive (many of the men)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person.'
ἀπέθανονdiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
ἐκfrompreposition (+ gen.) of cause/sourceἐκ: 'from'; causal 'as a result of the waters.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ὑδάτων
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitiveobject of ἐκ (cause/source)ὕδωρ: 'water.'
ὅτιbecauseconjunction introducing causal clauseὅτι: 'because, that.'
ἐπικράνθησανthey were made bitterAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πικραίνωverb of the causal clause→ constative aoristπικραίνω: 'make bitter'; passive 'were embittered' — the waters (or, by sense, the people) made deadly bitter.
12

Καὶ ὁ τέταρτος ἄγγελος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῆς σελήνης καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων, ἵνα σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ φάνῃ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως.

And the fourth angel sounded; and a third of the sun was struck, and a third of the moon, and a third of the stars, so that a third of them was darkened, and the day might not shine for a third of it, and the night likewise.

Fourth trumpet — the darkened lightsκαίThe fourth trumpet darkens the heavenly bodies, recalling the ninth Egyptian plague (Exod 10:21–23; cf. Joel 2:10). A third of sun, moon, and stars is struck; the purpose clause (ἵνα) yields a third less light for day and night — the cosmos itself diminished under judgment.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with ἄγγελος
τέταρτοςfourthNominativeordinal adj. modifying ἄγγελοςτέταρτος: 'fourth.'
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject of ἐσάλπισενἄγγελος: 'angel.'
ἐσάλπισενsoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπλήγηwas struckAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πλήσσωmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristπλήσσω: 'strike, smite'; the luminaries are 'struck' (only here in NT).
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of ἐπλήγητρίτον: 'a third.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ἡλίου
ἡλίουsunGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the sun)ἥλιος: 'sun.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fractionτρίτον: 'a third.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with σελήνης
σελήνηςmoonGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the moon)σελήνη: 'moon.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fractionτρίτον: 'a third.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἀστέρων
ἀστέρωνstarsGenitivepartitive genitive (a third of the stars)ἀστήρ: 'star.'
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose/result clauseἵνα: 'in order that, so that.'
σκοτισθῇmight be darkenedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · σκοτίζωverb of the purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveσκοτίζω: 'darken'; passive 'be darkened, lose light.'
τὸtheNominativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdNominativesubstantival fraction, subject of σκοτισθῇτρίτον: 'a third.'
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive (of the luminaries)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with ἡμέρα
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject of φάνῃἡμέρα: 'day, daytime.'
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)μή: 'not'; the subjunctive's proper negative.
φάνῃmight shineAor Act Subj 3 Sg · φαίνωverb of the purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveφαίνω: 'shine, give light'; here 'the day might not shine (for a third).'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with τρίτον
τρίτονthirdAccusativeaccusative of extent ('for a third of it')τρίτον: 'a third'; the third part of the daylight withheld.
αὐτῆςof itGenitivepartitive genitive (of the day)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle with νύξ
νὺξnightNominativesubject (of an implied parallel verb)νύξ: 'night.'
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb of mannerὁμοίως: 'likewise, in the same way'; the night too loses a third of its light.
13

Καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἤκουσα ἑνὸς ἀετοῦ πετομένου ἐν μεσουρανήματι λέγοντος φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· Οὐαὶ οὐαὶ οὐαὶ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν.

And I saw, and I heard an eagle flying in mid-heaven, saying with a loud voice: Woe, woe, woe to those who dwell on the earth, because of the remaining trumpet-blasts of the three angels who are about to sound!

The eagle's threefold woeκαίAn interlude divides the first four trumpets from the last three: an eagle in mid-heaven cries a threefold 'Woe' upon earth's inhabitants, anticipating the three remaining trumpets as the 'three woes' (9:12; 11:14). The accusative τοὺς κατοικοῦντας after οὐαί (normally with the dative) is a Hebraizing solecism.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (vision formula)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the seer's καὶ εἶδον.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; takes the genitive of the thing heard.
ἑνὸςan / oneGenitivenumeral as indefinite article modifying ἀετοῦεἷς: 'one'; here weakened to the indefinite 'a' (Koine/Semitic usage).
ἀετοῦeagleGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσα (sound heard)ἀετός: 'eagle' (or 'vulture'); a swift bird of prey heralding doom.
πετομένουflyingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · πέτομαιattributive ptc. modifying ἀετοῦ→ imperfective presentπέτομαι: 'fly'; deponent middle.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: 'in.'
μεσουρανήματιmid-heavenDativeobject of ἐν (place where)μεσουράνημα: 'mid-heaven, the zenith'; the highest, most visible point of the sky (cf. 14:6; 19:17).
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωattributive/circumstantial ptc. modifying ἀετοῦ→ imperfective presentλέγω: 'say, speak.'
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner/meansφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeadj. modifying φωνῇμέγας: 'great, loud.'
Οὐαὶwoeinterjection of lament/threatοὐαί: 'woe!'; the prophetic cry of doom, here trebled for the three remaining trumpets.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection (second of three)οὐαί: 'woe!'
οὐαὶwoeinterjection (third of three)οὐαί: 'woe!'; the threefold cry = the three coming 'woes' (9:12; 11:14).
τοὺςto thoseAccusativearticle governing κατοικοῦντας
κατοικοῦνταςwho dwellPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantival ptc. (acc. after οὐαί, for the expected dat. — a solecism)→ imperfective presentκατοικέω: 'dwell, inhabit'; 'the earth-dwellers,' Revelation's term for unbelieving humanity (3:10; 6:10).
ἐπὶonpreposition (+ gen.) of placeἐπί: 'on, upon.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth, land.'
ἐκbecause ofpreposition (+ gen.) of causeἐκ: 'from, because of'; causal here.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with φωνῶν
λοιπῶνremainingGenitiveadj. modifying φωνῶνλοιπός: 'remaining, rest'; the trumpet-blasts yet to come.
φωνῶνblastsGenitiveobject of ἐκ (cause)φωνή: 'sound, blast'; the trumpet-calls (cf. v.6).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with σάλπιγγος
σάλπιγγοςtrumpetGenitivegenitive of source (blasts of the trumpet)σάλπιγξ: 'trumpet.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἀγγέλων
τριῶνthreeGenitivenumeral adj. modifying ἀγγέλωντρεῖς: 'three'; the three remaining trumpet-angels.
ἀγγέλωνangelsGenitivegenitive of possession (the angels' trumpet)ἄγγελος: 'angel.'
τῶνwhoGenitivearticle governing μελλόντων
μελλόντωνare aboutPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · μέλλωattributive ptc. modifying ἀγγέλων→ imperfective present (future-oriented)μέλλω: 'be about to, be on the point of'; + infinitive marks impending action.
σαλπίζεινto soundPres Act Inf · σαλπίζωcomplementary infinitive with μελλόντων→ imperfective present infinitiveσαλπίζω: 'sound the trumpet.'