Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 9ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ Θ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Συγκαλεσάμενος δὲ τοὺς δώδεκα ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ δαιμόνια καὶ νόσους θεραπεύειν,

And having called together the Twelve, he gave them power and authority over all the demons and to cure diseases,

Scene openingδέJesus delegates his own ministry of word and deed to the Twelve, equipping them before the sending.
Συγκαλεσάμενοςhaving called togetherAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συγκαλέωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent actionσυγκαλέω: 'call together, summon'; middle, he gathers them to himself.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: mild connective advancing the narrative.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativeobject of the participle (indeclinable numeral)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; the inner circle of apostles.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give, grant'; the delegation of authority.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
δύναμινpowerAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενδύναμις: 'power, capability'; the effective force to act.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the rightful warrant to exercise the power.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusativeἐπί: here 'over, against' of jurisdiction.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. modifying δαιμόνιαπᾶς: 'all, every.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of ἐπίδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νόσουςdiseasesAccusativeobject of θεραπεύειννόσος: 'disease, illness.'
θεραπεύεινto curePres Act Infin · θεραπεύωepexegetic infinitive (defining the authority)→ infinitive of purpose/resultθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve.'
2

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς κηρύσσειν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἰᾶσθαι τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς,

and he sent them out to proclaim the kingdom of God and to heal the sick,

Coordinate clauseκαίThe commission proper: the same twofold ministry — kingdom-proclamation and healing — that has marked Jesus' own work.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send out with commission'; the verb behind ἀπόστολος.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
κηρύσσεινto proclaimPres Act Infin · κηρύσσωinfinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeκηρύσσω: 'herald, proclaim publicly.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of κηρύσσεινβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; God's saving rule, Luke's central theme.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive (the kingdom belonging to God)θεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰᾶσθαιto healPres Mid Infin · ἰάομαιinfinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeἰάομαι: 'heal, cure'; deponent.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀσθενεῖςsickAccusativesubstantival adj., object of ἰᾶσθαιἀσθενής: 'weak, sick'; the infirm.
3

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Μηδὲν αἴρετε εἰς τὴν ὁδόν, μήτε ῥάβδον μήτε πήραν μήτε ἄρτον μήτε ἀργύριον, μήτε ἀνὰ δύο χιτῶνας ἔχειν.

And he said to them, "Take nothing for the road — neither staff nor bag nor bread nor money — nor have two tunics each.

Direct discourse (instructions)καίTravel instructions stressing radical dependence on God and on the hospitality of those who receive the message.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say, speak.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to, toward'; Lukan idiom for addressing.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΜηδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of αἴρετε (negated)μηδείς: 'no one, nothing'; the negative for non-indicative moods.
αἴρετεtakePres Act Impv 2 Pl · αἴρωprohibitive imperative→ general/ongoing prohibitionαἴρω: 'take up, carry, remove.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusativeεἰς: here of purpose, 'for.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδόνroadAccusativeobject of εἰςὁδός: 'way, road, journey.'
μήτεneithercorrelative negativeμήτε: 'and not, neither/nor.'
ῥάβδονstaffAccusativein apposition to Μηδένῥάβδος: 'staff, rod.'
μήτεnorcorrelative negative
πήρανbagAccusativein apposition to Μηδένπήρα: 'knapsack, beggar's bag.'
μήτεnorcorrelative negative
ἄρτονbreadAccusativein apposition to Μηδένἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
μήτεnorcorrelative negative
ἀργύριονmoneyAccusativein apposition to Μηδένἀργύριον: 'silver, money.'
μήτεnorcorrelative negative
ἀνὰapiecedistributive prepositionἀνά: distributive, 'each, apiece.'
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral modifying χιτῶνας (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
χιτῶναςtunicsAccusativeobject of ἔχεινχιτών: 'tunic, undergarment.'
ἔχεινto havePres Act Infin · ἔχωinfinitive in indirect command (continuing the prohibition)→ infinitive for imperativeἔχω: 'have, hold.'
4

καὶ εἰς ἣν ἂν οἰκίαν εἰσέλθητε, ἐκεῖ μένετε καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ἐξέρχεσθε.

And whatever house you enter, stay there and depart from there.

Instruction (conditional-relative)καίOne household per town: the missionaries are not to shop for better lodging but to settle and serve from a single base.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
ἣνwhateverAccusativerelative pronoun modifying οἰκίανὅς: relative pronoun; with ἄν, generalizing.
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive)ἄν: marks contingency/generality.
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία: 'house, household.'
εἰσέλθητεyou enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in, enter.'
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there.'
μένετεstayPres Act Impv 2 Pl · μένωimperative (main command)→ ongoing imperativeμένω: 'remain, abide, stay.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (source)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from there, thence.'
ἐξέρχεσθεdepartPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιimperative (main command)→ ongoing imperativeἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart.'
5

καὶ ὅσοι ἂν μὴ δέχωνται ὑμᾶς, ἐξερχόμενοι ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης τὸν κονιορτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν ἀποτινάσσετε εἰς μαρτύριον ἐπ' αὐτούς.

And as for any who do not receive you, when you leave that town shake off the dust from your feet as a testimony against them.

Instruction (rejection clause)καίA prophetic gesture: the dust shaken off renders the missionaries innocent and leaves the rejecting town to answer for itself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσοιas many asNominativesubject of δέχωνται (correlative pronoun)ὅσος: 'as many as, whoever.'
ἂν-evermodal particleἄν: generalizing.
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negative for non-indicative.
δέχωνταιreceivePres Mid Subj 3 Pl · δέχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἐξερχόμενοιgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal participle (when you leave)→ contemporaneous actionἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πόλεωςtownGenitiveobject of ἀπόπόλις: 'city, town.'
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative modifying πόλεωςἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κονιορτὸνdustAccusativedirect object of ἀποτινάσσετεκονιορτός: 'dust.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of ἀπόπούς: 'foot.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀποτινάσσετεshake offPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀποτινάσσωmain imperative→ ongoing imperativeἀποτινάσσω: 'shake off.'
εἰςaspreposition + accusative (purpose/result)εἰς: here 'as, for.'
μαρτύριονa testimonyAccusativeobject of εἰςμαρτύριον: 'testimony, witness.'
ἐπ'againstpreposition + accusativeἐπί: here 'against.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of ἐπί
6

ἐξερχόμενοι δὲ διήρχοντο κατὰ τὰς κώμας εὐαγγελιζόμενοι καὶ θεραπεύοντες πανταχοῦ.

And going out, they passed through the villages, preaching the gospel and healing everywhere.

Narrative summaryδέThe execution of the mission: the Twelve do exactly what Jesus does — evangelize and heal — throughout the region.
ἐξερχόμενοιgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle→ contemporaneous actionἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: narrative connective.
διήρχοντοthey passed throughImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · διέρχομαιmain verb→ iterative imperfectδιέρχομαι: 'go through, traverse.'
κατὰthroughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά: distributive, 'village by village.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeobject of κατάκώμη: 'village.'
εὐαγγελιζόμενοιpreaching the gospelPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εὐαγγελίζωparticiple of manner/attendant circumstance→ ongoing actionεὐαγγελίζω: 'announce good news.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεραπεύοντεςhealingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · θεραπεύωparticiple of manner/attendant circumstance→ ongoing actionθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure.'
πανταχοῦeverywhereadverb of placeπανταχοῦ: 'everywhere.'
7

Ἤκουσεν δὲ Ἡρῴδης ὁ τετραάρχης τὰ γινόμενα πάντα, καὶ διηπόρει διὰ τὸ λέγεσθαι ὑπό τινων ὅτι Ἰωάννης ἠγέρθη ἐκ νεκρῶν,

Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was happening, and he was perplexed, because it was said by some that John had been raised from the dead,

Scene shift (Herod)δέThe mission's fame reaches the court; Herod's perplexity raises the christological question the whole chapter answers.
ἬκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunctionδέ: narrative connective marking the shift to Herod.
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea.
theNominativearticle
τετραάρχηςtetrarchNominativeapposition to Ἡρῴδηςτετραάρχης: 'tetrarch,' ruler of a fourth part.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)
γινόμεναhappeningPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle, object of Ἤκουσεν→ ongoing actionγίνομαι: 'become, happen, take place.'
πάνταallAccusativeadjective modifying τὰ γινόμεναπᾶς: 'all.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διηπόρειhe was perplexedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διαπορέωmain verb→ durative imperfectδιαπορέω: 'be thoroughly perplexed, at a loss.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal)διά: with acc., 'because of.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (articular infinitive)
λέγεσθαιto be saidPres Pass Infin · λέγωarticular infinitive (object of διά, causal)→ causal infinitiveλέγω: 'say.'
ὑπόbypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό: with gen., agent.
τινωνsomeGenitiveagent of λέγεσθαιτις: 'someone, some.'
ὅτιthatrecitative/content conjunctionὅτι: introduces the reported content.
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubject of ἠγέρθηἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
ἠγέρθηwas raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (passive of resurrection)ἐγείρω: 'raise, raise up.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitiveἐκ: 'out of, from.'
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitiveobject of ἐκνεκρός: 'dead.'
8

ὑπό τινων δὲ ὅτι Ἠλίας ἐφάνη, ἄλλων δὲ ὅτι προφήτης τις τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη.

and by some that Elijah had appeared, and by others that one of the old prophets had risen.

Coordinate reportδέTwo further popular guesses; the threefold rumor (John, Elijah, a prophet) is echoed in the disciples' report at v.19.
ὑπόbypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό: agent.
τινωνsomeGenitiveagent (with implied λέγεσθαι)τις: 'some.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ὅτιthatcontent conjunctionὅτι: reported content.
ἨλίαςElijahNominativesubject of ἐφάνηἨλίας: Elijah; expected to come before the Day of the Lord (Mal 4:5).
ἐφάνηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φαίνωverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aoristφαίνω: pass. 'appear, become visible.'
ἄλλωνothersGenitiveagent (with implied λέγεσθαι)ἄλλος: 'other.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ὅτιthatcontent conjunction
προφήτηςa prophetNominativesubject of ἀνέστηπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
τιςoneNominativeindefinite pronoun modifying προφήτηςτις: 'a certain, one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχαίωνancientsGenitivepartitive genitiveἀρχαῖος: 'ancient, old.'
ἀνέστηhad risenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (intransitive)ἀνίστημι: intrans. 'rise, stand up.'
9

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ Ἡρῴδης· Ἰωάννην ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα· τίς δέ ἐστιν οὗτος περὶ οὗ ἀκούω τοιαῦτα; καὶ ἐζήτει ἰδεῖν αὐτόν.

And Herod said, "John I beheaded; but who is this about whom I hear such things?" And he kept seeking to see him.

Reaction (Herod's question)δέHerod's question — 'who is this?' — is the chapter's pivot; his desire to see Jesus reappears darkly at 23:8.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Antipas.
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativefronted direct object of ἀπεκεφάλισαἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronounἐγώ: 'I'; expressed for emphasis ('I myself beheaded').
ἀπεκεφάλισαbeheadedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκεφαλίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκεφαλίζω: 'behead.'
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative predicate nominativeτίς: interrogative 'who?'
δέbutadversative conjunctionδέ: contrastive here.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οὗτοςthis manNominativesubjectοὗτος: 'this one.'
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί: 'concerning.'
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun, object of περίὅς: relative pronoun.
ἀκούωI hearPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ iterative presentἀκούω: 'hear.'
τοιαῦταsuch thingsAccusativedirect object of ἀκούωτοιοῦτος: 'such.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐζήτειhe kept seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectζητέω: 'seek, try.'
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Infin · ὁράωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἰδεῖν
10

Καὶ ὑποστρέψαντες οἱ ἀπόστολοι διηγήσαντο αὐτῷ ὅσα ἐποίησαν. καὶ παραλαβὼν αὐτοὺς ὑπεχώρησεν κατ' ἰδίαν εἰς πόλιν καλουμένην Βηθσαϊδά.

And when the apostles returned, they told him all that they had done. And taking them, he withdrew privately to a town called Bethsaida.

Scene opening (return and withdrawal)καίThe mission's report frames the feeding; the attempted withdrawal sets the stage for the crowd's pursuit.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑποστρέψαντεςhaving returnedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑποστρέφωtemporal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent actionὑποστρέφω: 'return, turn back.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativesubjectἀπόστολος: 'apostle, sent one.'
διηγήσαντοtoldAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · διηγέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδιηγέομαι: 'narrate, relate fully.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of διηγήσαντοὅσος: 'as much as, all that.'
ἐποίησανthey had doneAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραλαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραλαμβάνωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of the participle
ὑπεχώρησενhe withdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποχωρέωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποχωρέω: 'withdraw, retire.'
κατ'bypreposition in idiom κατ' ἰδίανκατά: in κατ' ἰδίαν, 'privately.'
ἰδίανthemselvesAccusativeidiom 'privately, by oneself'ἴδιος: 'one's own'; κατ' ἰδίαν = 'privately.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
πόλινa townAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city, town.'
καλουμένηνcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · καλέωattributive participle modifying πόλιν→ stativeκαλέω: 'call, name.'
ΒηθσαϊδάBethsaidaAccusativename in apposition (place); indeclinable formΒηθσαϊδά: 'Bethsaida,' a town on the north shore of Galilee.
11

οἱ δὲ ὄχλοι γνόντες ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ· καὶ ἀποδεξάμενος αὐτοὺς ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς περὶ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ τοὺς χρείαν ἔχοντας θεραπείας ἰᾶτο.

But the crowds, learning of it, followed him; and welcoming them, he spoke to them about the kingdom of God, and those needing healing he cured.

Counter-movement (crowds follow)δέThe withdrawal fails; Jesus' response is welcome, not rebuff — teaching and healing, the same twofold ministry of vv.1–2.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: marks the crowds against the intended privacy.
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
γνόντεςknowingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · γινώσκωtemporal/causal participle→ antecedent actionγινώσκω: 'know, learn, perceive.'
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἀκολουθέω
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποδεξάμενοςwelcomingAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποδέχομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionἀποδέχομαι: 'welcome, receive gladly.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of the participle
ἐλάλειhe was speakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ durative imperfectλαλέω: 'speak, talk.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί: 'concerning.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
βασιλείαςkingdomGenitiveobject of περίβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle substantizing the participle
χρείανneedAccusativeobject of ἔχονταςχρεία: 'need, necessity.'
ἔχονταςhavingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle, object of ἰᾶτο→ ongoingἔχω: 'have.'
θεραπείαςof healingGenitiveobjective genitive after χρείανθεραπεία: 'healing, treatment.'
ἰᾶτοhe was healingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectἰάομαι: 'heal, cure.'
12

Ἡ δὲ ἡμέρα ἤρξατο κλίνειν· προσελθόντες δὲ οἱ δώδεκα εἶπαν αὐτῷ· Ἀπόλυσον τὸν ὄχλον, ἵνα πορευθέντες εἰς τὰς κύκλῳ κώμας καὶ ἀγροὺς καταλύσωσιν καὶ εὕρωσιν ἐπισιτισμόν, ὅτι ὧδε ἐν ἐρήμῳ τόπῳ ἐσμέν.

Now the day began to decline, and the Twelve came and said to him, "Send the crowd away, so that they may go into the surrounding villages and farms and find lodging and provisions, for here we are in a desolate place."

Complication (the Twelve's plan)δέThe disciples reason from scarcity; the problem they raise sets up Jesus' command that they themselves provide.
theNominativearticle
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject of ἤρξατοἡμέρα: 'day.'
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχω: mid. 'begin.'
κλίνεινto declinePres Act Infin · κλίνωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveκλίνω: 'bend, decline'; of the day waning toward evening.
προσελθόντεςcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
δώδεκαTwelveNominativesubject (indeclinable numeral)δώδεκα: 'twelve.'
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ἀπόλυσονsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπολύωimperative→ urgent aorist imperativeἀπολύω: 'release, dismiss, send away.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunctionἵνα: introduces purpose.
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κύκλῳsurroundingadverb modifying κώμαςκύκλῳ: 'around, in a circle.'
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: 'village.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀγροὺςfarmsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, farm, hamlet.'
καταλύσωσινthey may lodgeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · καταλύωverb of purpose clause→ subjunctive of purposeκαταλύω: 'find lodging, put up.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὕρωσινfindAor Act Subj 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωverb of purpose clause→ subjunctive of purposeεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ἐπισιτισμόνprovisionsAccusativedirect object of εὕρωσινἐπισιτισμός: 'provisions, food supply.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
ἐρήμῳdesolateDativeattributive adj. modifying τόπῳἔρημος: 'deserted, desolate.'
τόπῳplaceDativeobject of ἐντόπος: 'place.'
ἐσμένwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
13

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς· Δότε αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς φαγεῖν. οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Οὐκ εἰσὶν ἡμῖν πλεῖον ἢ ἄρτοι πέντε καὶ ἰχθύες δύο, εἰ μήτι πορευθέντες ἡμεῖς ἀγοράσωμεν εἰς πάντα τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον βρώματα.

But he said to them, "You give them something to eat." And they said, "We have no more than five loaves and two fish — unless we are to go and buy food for all this people."

Counter-commandδέThe emphatic ὑμεῖς throws the burden on the disciples; their inventory (five loaves, two fish) measures the impossibility against which the sign will stand.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΔότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative→ aorist imperativeδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounὑμεῖς: 'you' (pl.); emphatic, 'you yourselves.'
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Infin · ἐσθίωcomplementary/object infinitive→ infinitive of objectἐσθίω: 'eat.'
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Οὐκnotnegative with εἰσίνοὐ: 'not.'
εἰσὶνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of existence→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be, exist.'
ἡμῖνto usDativedative of possession
πλεῖονmoreNominativecomparative adj. (subject)πλείων: 'more.'
thancomparative particleἤ: 'than, or.'
ἄρτοιloavesNominativein apposition to πλεῖονἄρτος: 'loaf, bread.'
πέντεfiveNominativenumeral modifying ἄρτοι (indeclinable)πέντε: 'five.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰχθύεςfishNominativein apposition to πλεῖονἰχθύς: 'fish.'
δύοtwoNominativenumeral modifying ἰχθύες (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
εἰunlessconditional particle (εἰ μήτι)εἰ: 'if'; with μήτι, 'unless perhaps.'
μήτιperhapsinterrogative/dubitative particleμήτι: marks a hesitant question.
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπορεύομαι: 'go.'
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronounἡμεῖς: 'we.'
ἀγοράσωμενshould buyAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀγοράζωdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberative subjunctiveἀγοράζω: 'buy, purchase.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (advantage)εἰς: here 'for.'
πάνταallAccusativeadjective modifying λαόνπᾶς: 'all.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeobject of εἰςλαός: 'people.'
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative modifying λαόνοὗτος: 'this.'
βρώματαfoodAccusativedirect object of ἀγοράσωμενβρῶμα: 'food.'
14

ἦσαν γὰρ ὡσεὶ ἄνδρες πεντακισχίλιοι. εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ· Κατακλίνατε αὐτοὺς κλισίας ὡσεὶ ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα.

For there were about five thousand men. And he said to his disciples, "Have them recline in groups of about fifty each."

Explanatory aside + commandγάρThe number quantifies the miracle; the orderly seating 'in companies' evokes Israel encamped in the wilderness.
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of existence→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ὡσεὶaboutadverb of approximationὡσεί: 'about, approximately.'
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man, male'; counts the men only.
πεντακισχίλιοιfive thousandNominativenumeral adj. modifying ἄνδρεςπεντακισχίλιοι: 'five thousand.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
Κατακλίνατεhave reclineAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κατακλίνωimperative→ aorist imperativeκατακλίνω: 'cause to recline (at table).'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
κλισίαςin groupsAccusativeaccusative of manner (distributive)κλισία: 'group of diners, company.'
ὡσεὶaboutadverb of approximationὡσεί: 'about.'
ἀνὰeachdistributive prepositionἀνά: distributive, 'apiece.'
πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (indeclinable)πεντήκοντα: 'fifty.'
15

καὶ ἐποίησαν οὕτως καὶ κατέκλιναν ἅπαντας.

And they did so, and had them all recline.

ComplianceκαίBrisk narrative obedience; the disciples carry out the seating Jesus commanded.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησανthey didAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
οὕτωςsoadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέκλινανmade reclineAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακλίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακλίνω: 'cause to recline.'
ἅπανταςallAccusativedirect objectἅπας: 'all, the whole.'
16

λαβὼν δὲ τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους καὶ τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας, ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐλόγησεν αὐτοὺς καὶ κατέκλασεν καὶ ἐδίδου τοῖς μαθηταῖς παραθεῖναι τῷ ὄχλῳ.

And taking the five loaves and the two fish, looking up to heaven he blessed them and broke them and kept giving them to the disciples to set before the crowd.

The signδέThe fourfold action — took, blessed, broke, gave — anticipates the Last Supper (22:19); the imperfect ἐδίδου pictures the bread multiplying as he gives.
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionλαμβάνω: 'take, receive.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πέντεfiveAccusativenumeral modifying ἄρτους (indeclinable)πέντε: 'five.'
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeobject of λαβώνἄρτος: 'loaf.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral modifying ἰχθύας (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativeobject of λαβώνἰχθύς: 'fish.'
ἀναβλέψαςlooking upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionἀναβλέπω: 'look up.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
εὐλόγησενhe blessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless, give thanks over.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέκλασενbrokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακλάωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακλάω: 'break in pieces.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδουkept givingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ iterative imperfectδίδωμι: 'give'; imperfect of the continual distribution.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
παραθεῖναιto set beforeAor Act Infin · παρατίθημιinfinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeπαρατίθημι: 'set before, serve.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄχλῳcrowdDativeindirect object of παραθεῖναιὄχλος: 'crowd.'
17

καὶ ἔφαγον καὶ ἐχορτάσθησαν πάντες, καὶ ἤρθη τὸ περισσεῦσαν αὐτοῖς κλασμάτων κόφινοι δώδεκα.

And they all ate and were satisfied, and what was left over of fragments was taken up by them — twelve baskets.

Result (abundance)καίSatisfaction and surplus prove the miracle; the twelve baskets answer to the Twelve and the fullness of Israel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔφαγονthey ateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐχορτάσθησανwere satisfiedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · χορτάζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)χορτάζω: 'fill, satisfy with food.'
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρθηwas taken upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)αἴρω: 'take up, lift.'
τὸthe thingNominativearticle substantizing the participle
περισσεῦσανleft overAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · περισσεύωsubstantival participle (subject of ἤρθη)→ resultativeπερισσεύω: 'abound, be left over.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of agent/advantage
κλασμάτωνof fragmentsGenitivepartitive/epexegetical genitiveκλάσμα: 'fragment, broken piece.'
κόφινοιbasketsNominativepredicate/apposition to τὸ περισσεῦσανκόφινος: 'basket, hand-basket.'
δώδεκαtwelveNominativenumeral modifying κόφινοι (indeclinable)δώδεκα: 'twelve.'
18

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν προσευχόμενον κατὰ μόνας συνῆσαν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταί, καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτοὺς λέγων· Τίνα με λέγουσιν οἱ ὄχλοι εἶναι;

And it happened, while he was praying alone, the disciples were with him, and he questioned them, saying, "Who do the crowds say that I am?"

Scene opening (confession)καίA Lukan prayer-setting frames the central question; the popular guesses of vv.7–8 now return on the disciples' lips.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιSeptuagintal narrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο is Luke's LXX-style opener.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: with articular infinitive, temporal 'while.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveεἰμί: 'be.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
προσευχόμενονprayingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · προσεύχομαιpredicate participle with εἶναι→ ongoing actionπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
κατὰbypreposition in idiom κατὰ μόναςκατά: in κατὰ μόνας, 'alone.'
μόναςhimselfAccusativeidiom 'alone, by himself'μόνος: 'alone.'
συνῆσανwere withImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · σύνειμιmain verb→ durative imperfectσύνειμι: 'be with, be present.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative with σύνειμι
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταίdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπηρώτησενhe questionedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'ask, question.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (pleonastic)→ ongoing actionλέγω: 'say.'
ΤίναwhomAccusativeinterrogative, accusative subject of εἶναιτίς: interrogative 'who?'
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναι (predicate)ἐγώ: 'I, me.'
λέγουσινsayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of the question→ stative presentλέγω: 'say.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubject of λέγουσινὄχλος: 'crowd.'
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίinfinitive in indirect discourse→ infinitive of indirect statementεἰμί: 'be.'
19

οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπαν· Ἰωάννην τὸν βαπτιστήν, ἄλλοι δὲ Ἠλίαν, ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι προφήτης τις τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη.

And they answered, "John the Baptist; but others, Elijah; and others, that one of the old prophets has risen."

Response (popular opinion)δέThe crowds rank Jesus among the prophets — true as far as it goes, but short of the confession Peter is about to make.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἀποκριθέντεςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (pleonastic)→ antecedent actionἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativepredicate (accusative subject of implied εἶναι)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βαπτιστήνBaptistAccusativeapposition to Ἰωάννηνβαπτιστής: 'baptizer, baptist.'
ἄλλοιothersNominativesubject (with implied verb)ἄλλος: 'other.'
δὲbutcontinuative conjunction
ἨλίανElijahAccusativepredicate accusativeἨλίας: Elijah.
ἄλλοιothersNominativesubjectἄλλος: 'other.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ὅτιthatcontent conjunctionὅτι: reported content.
προφήτηςa prophetNominativesubject of ἀνέστηπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
τιςoneNominativeindefinite pronoun modifying προφήτηςτις: 'a certain, one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχαίωνancientsGenitivepartitive genitiveἀρχαῖος: 'ancient, old.'
ἀνέστηhas risenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (intransitive)ἀνίστημι: intrans. 'rise.'
20

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· Ὑμεῖς δὲ τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; Πέτρος δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Τὸν χριστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ.

And he said to them, "But you — who do you say that I am?" And Peter answered, "The Christ of God."

Central confessionδέThe emphatic Ὑμεῖς turns the question on the disciples; Peter's 'the Christ of God' is the hinge of Luke's Gospel.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὙμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounὑμεῖς: 'you' (pl.); emphatic by contrast with the crowds.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τίναwhomAccusativeinterrogative, predicate accusativeτίς: 'who?'
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναιἐγώ: 'I, me.'
λέγετεsayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb of question→ stative presentλέγω: 'say.'
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίinfinitive in indirect discourse→ infinitive of indirect statementεἰμί: 'be.'
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: 'Peter,' spokesman of the Twelve.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (pleonastic)→ antecedent actionἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΤὸνtheAccusativearticle
χριστὸνChristAccusativepredicate accusative (answer to τίνα)χριστός: 'Anointed, Messiah.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/source genitiveθεός: 'God'; 'the Messiah whom God has anointed.'
21

ὁ δὲ ἐπιτιμήσας αὐτοῖς παρήγγειλεν μηδενὶ λέγειν τοῦτο,

But he, charging them strictly, commanded them to tell this to no one,

Command (messianic secret)δέThe confession is true but must be silenced until reframed by the cross — hence the immediate passion prediction.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutcontinuative conjunction
ἐπιτιμήσαςrebukingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιτιμάωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ antecedent actionἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, charge sternly.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπιτιμήσας
παρήγγειλενhe commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'command, charge, instruct.'
μηδενὶno oneDativeindirect object of λέγεινμηδείς: 'no one.'
λέγεινto tellPres Act Infin · λέγωinfinitive in indirect command→ infinitive of indirect commandλέγω: 'say, tell.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of λέγεινοὗτος: 'this.'
22

εἰπὼν ὅτι Δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων καὶ ἀποκτανθῆναι καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθῆναι.

saying, "The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised."

First passion predictionasyndetonThe divine 'must' (Δεῖ) of the passion redefines messiahship: the Christ of God is the suffering, rejected, slain, and risen Son of Man.
εἰπὼνsayingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ antecedent/coincident actionλέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatrecitative conjunctionὅτι: introduces direct/indirect speech.
Δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb governing infinitives→ necessity (divine plan)δεῖ: 'it is necessary'; Luke's word for God's foreordained purpose.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitivesυἱός: 'son.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive in the title 'Son of Man'ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human'; 'Son of Man,' the Danielic self-designation.
πολλὰmany thingsAccusativeadverbial/object accusative with παθεῖνπολύς: 'much, many.'
παθεῖνto sufferAor Act Infin · πάσχωinfinitive complementing Δεῖ→ infinitive of necessityπάσχω: 'suffer, experience.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποδοκιμασθῆναιto be rejectedAor Pass Infin · ἀποδοκιμάζωinfinitive complementing Δεῖ→ infinitive of necessityἀποδοκιμάζω: 'reject after testing'; echoes Ps 118:22.
ἀπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)ἀπό: here marking agent/source.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveobject of ἀπόπρεσβύτερος: 'elder.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀρχιερέωνchief priestsGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀρχιερεύς: 'chief priest, high priest.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γραμματέωνscribesGenitiveobject of ἀπόγραμματεύς: 'scribe.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκτανθῆναιto be killedAor Pass Infin · ἀποκτείνωinfinitive complementing Δεῖ→ infinitive of necessityἀποκτείνω: 'kill.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
τρίτῃthirdDativeordinal adj. modifying ἡμέρᾳτρίτος: 'third.'
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time whenἡμέρα: 'day.'
ἐγερθῆναιto be raisedAor Pass Infin · ἐγείρωinfinitive complementing Δεῖ→ infinitive of necessityἐγείρω: 'raise.'
23

Ἔλεγεν δὲ πρὸς πάντας· Εἴ τις θέλει ὀπίσω μου ἔρχεσθαι, ἀρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἀράτω τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καθ' ἡμέραν, καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι.

And he was saying to them all, "If anyone wishes to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross daily, and follow me."

Discipleship demandδέDiscipleship mirrors the master's passion; Luke's distinctive καθ' ἡμέραν ('daily') turns the cross from a single martyrdom into a daily dying to self.
Ἔλεγενhe was sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ durative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; imperfect of customary teaching.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adj., object of πρόςπᾶς: 'all'; Luke broadens the call beyond the Twelve.
Εἴifconditional conjunction (first class)εἰ: 'if.'
τιςanyoneNominativesubject of θέλειτις: 'anyone.'
θέλειwishesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of the protasis→ stative presentθέλω: 'will, wish.'
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitiveὀπίσω: 'behind, after.'
μουmeGenitiveobject of ὀπίσωἐγώ: 'I, me.'
ἔρχεσθαιto comePres Mid Infin · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἀρνησάσθωlet him denyAor Mid Impv 3 Sg · ἀρνέομαιthird-person imperative (apodosis)→ aorist imperativeἀρνέομαι: 'deny, disown, renounce.'
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive direct objectἑαυτοῦ: 'himself.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀράτωlet him take upAor Act Impv 3 Sg · αἴρωthird-person imperative→ aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'take up, lift.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σταυρὸνcrossAccusativedirect object of ἀράτωσταυρός: 'cross'; instrument of shameful execution.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καθ'everypreposition in idiom καθ' ἡμέρανκατά: distributive in καθ' ἡμέραν, 'daily.'
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative in temporal idiom 'daily'ἡμέρα: 'day'; the Lukan addition 'daily.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκολουθείτωlet him followPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωthird-person imperative→ ongoing imperativeἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
μοιmeDativedative object of ἀκολουθείτωἐγώ: 'I, me.'
24

ὃς γὰρ ἂν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι, ἀπολέσει αὐτήν· ὃς δ' ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ, οὗτος σώσει αὐτήν.

For whoever wishes to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake, he will save it.

Paradoxical groundγάρThe paradox grounds the cross-call: self-preservation forfeits true life; self-loss for Jesus secures it.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite), subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἂν-evermodal particle (with subjunctive)ἄν: generalizing.
θέλῃwishesPres Act Subj 3 Sg · θέλωverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyθέλω: 'wish, will.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativeobject of σῶσαιψυχή: 'soul, life, self.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
σῶσαιto saveAor Act Infin · σῴζωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveσῴζω: 'save, preserve.'
ἀπολέσειwill loseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιapodosis (main verb)→ predictive futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, lose.'
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite), subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
δ'butadversative conjunctionδέ: contrastive.
ἂν-evermodal particleἄν: generalizing.
ἀπολέσῃlosesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyἀπόλλυμι: 'lose, destroy.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativeobject of ἀπολέσῃψυχή: 'soul, life.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἕνεκενfor the sake ofimproper preposition + genitiveἕνεκεν: 'on account of, for the sake of.'
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἕνεκενἐγώ: 'I, me' (emphatic form).
οὗτοςthis oneNominativeresumptive subject of σώσειοὗτος: 'this one.'
σώσειwill saveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωapodosis (main verb)→ predictive futureσῴζω: 'save.'
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect object
25

τί γὰρ ὠφελεῖται ἄνθρωπος κερδήσας τὸν κόσμον ὅλον ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἀπολέσας ἢ ζημιωθείς;

For what is a man profited if he gains the whole world but loses or forfeits himself?

Rhetorical question (the stakes)γάρA cost-benefit calculus: the whole world cannot offset the loss of the self.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative, adverbial accusativeτίς: 'what?'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ὠφελεῖταιis profitedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὠφελέωmain verb→ gnomic presentὠφελέω: 'profit, benefit.'
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
κερδήσαςhaving gainedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κερδαίνωconditional participle→ antecedent actionκερδαίνω: 'gain, profit.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόσμονworldAccusativeobject of κερδήσαςκόσμος: 'world, universe.'
ὅλονwholeAccusativeadjective modifying κόσμονὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativeobject of ἀπολέσαςἑαυτοῦ: 'himself.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἀπολέσαςhaving lostAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπόλλυμιconditional participle→ antecedent actionἀπόλλυμι: 'lose, destroy.'
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
ζημιωθείςhaving forfeitedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ζημιόωconditional participle→ antecedent actionζημιόω: 'suffer loss, forfeit, be fined.'
26

ὃς γὰρ ἂν ἐπαισχυνθῇ με καὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους, τοῦτον ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐπαισχυνθήσεται, ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τῶν ἁγίων ἀγγέλων.

For whoever is ashamed of me and of my words, of him the Son of Man will be ashamed when he comes in his glory and that of the Father and of the holy angels.

Eschatological warningγάρPresent allegiance is judged at the parousia; shame now is answered by shame then, in the threefold glory of Son, Father, and angels.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite), subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἂν-evermodal particleἄν: generalizing.
ἐπαισχυνθῇis ashamed ofAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐπαισχύνομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyἐπαισχύνομαι: 'be ashamed of.'
μεmeAccusativeobject of ἐπαισχυνθῇἐγώ: 'me.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἐμοὺςmyAccusativepossessive adjective modifying λόγουςἐμός: 'my, mine.'
λόγουςwordsAccusativeobject of ἐπαισχυνθῇλόγος: 'word, message.'
τοῦτονthis oneAccusativefronted object of ἐπαισχυνθήσεταιοὗτος: 'this one.'
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive in title 'Son of Man'ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the title 'Son of Man.'
ἐπαισχυνθήσεταιwill be ashamed ofFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπαισχύνομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἐπαισχύνομαι: 'be ashamed of.'
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)ὅταν: 'whenever, when.'
ἔλθῃhe comesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ subjunctive of contingencyἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
τῇtheDativearticle
δόξῃgloryDativeobject of ἐνδόξα: 'glory, splendor.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πατρὸςFatherGenitivegenitive of source (glory of the Father)πατήρ: 'father.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἁγίωνholyGenitiveattributive adj. modifying ἀγγέλωνἅγιος: 'holy.'
ἀγγέλωνangelsGenitivegenitive (the glory attended by the angels)ἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger.'
27

λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ἀληθῶς, εἰσίν τινες τῶν αὐτοῦ ἑστηκότων οἳ οὐ μὴ γεύσωνται θανάτου ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.

But I tell you truly, there are some of those standing here who will not taste death until they see the kingdom of God.

Solemn promiseδέA near-term assurance that some will glimpse the kingdom's glory — fulfilled, in Luke's arrangement, in the very next scene, the Transfiguration.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ performative presentλέγω: 'say.'
δὲbutcontinuative conjunction
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb of mannerἀληθῶς: 'truly.'
εἰσίνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of existence→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be, exist.'
τινεςsomeNominativesubjectτις: 'some.'
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (partitive)
αὐτοῦhereadverb of placeαὐτοῦ: adverb, 'here, in this place.'
ἑστηκότωνstandingPerf Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἵστημιsubstantival participle (partitive genitive)→ perfect-of-stateἵστημι: 'stand'; perfect = 'standing here.'
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of γεύσωνταιὅς: relative pronoun.
οὐnotnegative (emphatic with μή)οὐ: 'not.'
μὴby no meansemphatic negation (οὐ μή)μή: with οὐ, emphatic denial.
γεύσωνταιtasteAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · γεύομαιsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ subjunctive of emphatic denialγεύομαι: 'taste, experience.'
θανάτουdeathGenitivegenitive object of γεύσωνταιθάνατος: 'death.'
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunctionἕως: 'until.'
ἂν-modal particleἄν: with ἕως, contingency.
ἴδωσινthey seeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of temporal clause→ subjunctive of contingencyὁράω: 'see.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of ἴδωσινβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
28

Ἐγένετο δὲ μετὰ τοὺς λόγους τούτους ὡσεὶ ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ καὶ παραλαβὼν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην καὶ Ἰάκωβον ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος προσεύξασθαι.

Now it happened, about eight days after these words, that taking Peter and John and James, he went up on the mountain to pray.

Scene opening (Transfiguration)δέThe 'eight days' ties the mountain glory to the kingdom-promise of v.27; Luke alone names prayer as the occasion.
Ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιSeptuagintal narrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
μετὰafterpreposition + accusativeμετά: with acc., 'after.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
λόγουςwordsAccusativeobject of μετάλόγος: 'word, saying.'
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative modifying λόγουςοὗτος: 'this.'
ὡσεὶaboutadverb of approximationὡσεί: 'about.'
ἡμέραιdaysNominativenominative of time/measureἡμέρα: 'day.'
ὀκτὼeightNominativenumeral modifying ἡμέραι (indeclinable)ὀκτώ: 'eight.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραλαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραλαμβάνωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along.'
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeobject of the participleΠέτρος: Peter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeobject of the participleἸωάννης: John son of Zebedee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeobject of the participleἸάκωβος: James son of Zebedee.
ἀνέβηhe went upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend.'
εἰςontopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, onto.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountainAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: 'mountain, hill.'
προσεύξασθαιto prayAor Mid Infin · προσεύχομαιinfinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
29

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ προσεύχεσθαι αὐτὸν τὸ εἶδος τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἕτερον καὶ ὁ ἱματισμὸς αὐτοῦ λευκὸς ἐξαστράπτων.

And it happened, as he was praying, the appearance of his face became different, and his clothing dazzling white.

Transfiguration properκαίThe transformation comes in the act of prayer; the blazing whiteness signals the in-breaking of heavenly glory.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: temporal 'while.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
προσεύχεσθαιto prayPres Mid Infin · προσεύχομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
τὸtheNominativearticle
εἶδοςappearanceNominativesubject (with implied ἐγένετο)εἶδος: 'form, appearance.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
προσώπουfaceGenitivegenitive (the appearance of his face)πρόσωπον: 'face, countenance.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἕτερονdifferentNominativepredicate adjectiveἕτερος: 'other, different.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἱματισμὸςclothingNominativesubjectἱματισμός: 'clothing, raiment.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
λευκὸςwhiteNominativepredicate adjectiveλευκός: 'white, bright.'
ἐξαστράπτωνflashingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξαστράπτωpredicate participle (with λευκός)→ ongoing actionἐξαστράπτω: 'flash like lightning, gleam.'
30

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνδρες δύο συνελάλουν αὐτῷ, οἵτινες ἦσαν Μωϋσῆς καὶ Ἠλίας,

And behold, two men were talking with him, who were Moses and Elijah,

Heavenly visitorsκαίMoses and Elijah — the Law and the Prophets — converse with Jesus, attesting that he fulfills both.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold, look'; calls attention.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man.'
δύοtwoNominativenumeral modifying ἄνδρες (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
συνελάλουνwere talking withImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλαλέωmain verb→ durative imperfectσυλλαλέω: 'talk with, converse.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative with συλλαλέω
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative), subjectὅστις: 'who, of such a kind.'
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ΜωϋσῆςMosesNominativepredicate nominativeΜωϋσῆς: Moses, the lawgiver.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἨλίαςElijahNominativepredicate nominativeἨλίας: Elijah, the prophet.
31

οἳ ὀφθέντες ἐν δόξῃ ἔλεγον τὴν ἔξοδον αὐτοῦ ἣν ἤμελλεν πληροῦν ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ.

who, appearing in glory, were speaking of his departure, which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem.

The theme of the conversationasyndetonThe 'exodus' (ἔξοδος) — Jesus' death, resurrection, and ascension — is the topic; the word casts the cross as a new redemption fulfilled at Jerusalem.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
ὀφθέντεςappearingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle→ coincident actionὁράω: pass. 'appear, be seen.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
δόξῃgloryDativeobject of ἐνδόξα: 'glory, splendor.'
ἔλεγονwere speaking ofImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfectλέγω: 'say, speak of.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔξοδονdepartureAccusativedirect object of ἔλεγονἔξοδος: 'exodus, departure'; here Jesus' death (and exaltation), echoing the Exodus.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of πληροῦνὅς: relative pronoun.
ἤμελλενwas aboutImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb of relative clause→ imperfect of impending actionμέλλω: 'be about to, be destined.'
πληροῦνto accomplishPres Act Infin · πληρόωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveπληρόω: 'fulfill, accomplish.'
ἐνatpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in, at.'
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemDativeobject of ἐν (place); indeclinable formἸερουσαλήμ: 'Jerusalem'; the goal of the travel narrative.
32

ὁ δὲ Πέτρος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ ἦσαν βεβαρημένοι ὕπνῳ· διαγρηγορήσαντες δὲ εἶδον τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς δύο ἄνδρας τοὺς συνεστῶτας αὐτῷ.

Now Peter and those with him were weighed down with sleep, but having fully awakened, they saw his glory and the two men standing with him.

The disciples' perceptionδέThe drowsiness anticipates Gethsemane (22:45); awake, they witness the glory — eyewitnesses of the kingdom seen (v.27).
Nominativearticle with proper name
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: Peter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantizing σὺν αὐτῷ
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: 'with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic with participle)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
βεβαρημένοιweighed downPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βαρέωperiphrastic participle (with ἦσαν)→ perfect-of-state (resultant condition)βαρέω: 'weigh down, burden.'
ὕπνῳwith sleepDativedative of meansὕπνος: 'sleep.'
διαγρηγορήσαντεςhaving stayed awakeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · διαγρηγορέωtemporal participle→ antecedent actionδιαγρηγορέω: 'become fully awake, keep awake.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
εἶδονthey sawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect objectδόξα: 'glory.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral modifying ἄνδρας (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect objectἀνήρ: 'man.'
τοὺςthe onesAccusativearticle (attributive participle)
συνεστῶταςstanding withPerf Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · συνίστημιattributive participle modifying ἄνδρας→ perfect-of-stateσυνίστημι: 'stand with, be present with.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative with the participle
33

καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ διαχωρίζεσθαι αὐτοὺς ἀπ' αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ὁ Πέτρος πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν· Ἐπιστάτα, καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι, καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνὰς τρεῖς, μίαν σοὶ καὶ μίαν Μωϋσεῖ καὶ μίαν Ἠλίᾳ, μὴ εἰδὼς ὃ λέγει.

And it happened, as they were parting from him, Peter said to Jesus, "Master, it is good for us to be here; let us make three tents, one for you and one for Moses and one for Elijah" — not knowing what he was saying.

Peter's misjudged proposalκαίPeter would prolong the glory and level Jesus with Moses and Elijah; the narrator's 'not knowing what he said' marks the error the heavenly voice will correct.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: temporal 'while.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
διαχωρίζεσθαιto departPres Mid Infin · διαχωρίζωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveδιαχωρίζω: mid. 'part, depart, separate.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Nominativearticle with proper name
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: Peter.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
τὸνAccusativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἘπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: 'master, overseer'; Luke's term for the disciples' address to Jesus.
καλόνgoodNominativepredicate adjectiveκαλός: 'good, fine.'
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναιἐγώ: 'we, us.'
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίsubject infinitive (of ἐστιν)→ infinitive of subjectεἰμί: 'be.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιήσωμενlet us makeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ποιέωhortatory subjunctive→ hortatory subjunctiveποιέω: 'make, do.'
σκηνὰςtentsAccusativedirect objectσκηνή: 'tent, booth, tabernacle.'
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral modifying σκηνάςτρεῖς: 'three.'
μίανoneAccusativenumeral in appositionεἷς: 'one.'
σοὶfor youDativedative of advantageσύ: 'you.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μίανoneAccusativenumeral in appositionεἷς: 'one.'
Μωϋσεῖfor MosesDativedative of advantageΜωϋσῆς: Moses.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μίανoneAccusativenumeral in appositionεἷς: 'one.'
Ἠλίᾳfor ElijahDativedative of advantageἨλίας: Elijah.
μὴnotnegative with participleμή: negative for non-indicative.
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαcircumstantial participle (concessive/causal)→ perfect-of-state (present sense)οἶδα: 'know.'
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of λέγειὅς: relative pronoun.
λέγειhe was sayingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ descriptive presentλέγω: 'say.'
34

ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ἐγένετο νεφέλη καὶ ἐπεσκίαζεν αὐτούς· ἐφοβήθησαν δὲ ἐν τῷ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν νεφέλην.

But while he was saying these things, a cloud came and overshadowed them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud.

Theophany (the cloud)δέThe overshadowing cloud is the Shekinah of Sinai and the tabernacle; entering it, the disciples enter the sphere of God's presence and fear.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of λέγοντοςοὗτος: 'this.'
δὲbutcontinuative conjunction
αὐτοῦheGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ contemporaneous actionλέγω: 'say.'
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come into being.'
νεφέληa cloudNominativesubjectνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the cloud of the divine presence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπεσκίαζενwas overshadowingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκιάζωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐπισκιάζω: 'overshadow, cover'; cf. Luke 1:35; Exod 40:35 LXX.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
ἐφοβήθησανthey were afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: temporal 'as.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Infin · εἰσέρχομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
νεφέληνcloudAccusativeobject of εἰςνεφέλη: 'cloud.'
35

καὶ φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῆς νεφέλης λέγουσα· Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἐκλελεγμένος, αὐτοῦ ἀκούετε.

And a voice came from the cloud, saying, "This is my Son, the Chosen One; listen to him."

The Father's declarationκαίThe voice answers Peter's question of v.9 and corrects his proposal: Jesus is no peer of Moses and Elijah but the chosen Son to whom alone they must listen (cf. Deut 18:15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωνὴa voiceNominativesubjectφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come, occur.'
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitiveἐκ: 'from, out of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
νεφέληςcloudGenitiveobject of ἐκνεφέλη: 'cloud.'
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωparticiple of speech modifying φωνή→ ongoing actionλέγω: 'say.'
ΟὗτόςthisNominativesubjectοὗτος: 'this one.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
theNominativearticle
υἱόςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitiveἐγώ: 'my.'
theNominativearticle
ἐκλελεγμένοςChosen OnePerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκλέγομαιsubstantival participle in apposition to υἱός→ perfect-of-state (abiding election)ἐκλέγομαι: 'choose, select'; 'the Chosen One,' echoing Isa 42:1.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούετε
ἀκούετεlisten toPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀκούωimperative→ ongoing imperativeἀκούω: 'hear, listen to, obey.'
36

καὶ ἐν τῷ γενέσθαι τὴν φωνὴν εὑρέθη Ἰησοῦς μόνος. καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐσίγησαν καὶ οὐδενὶ ἀπήγγειλαν ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις οὐδὲν ὧν ἑώρακαν.

And when the voice had come, Jesus was found alone. And they kept silent and told no one in those days anything of what they had seen.

Scene closingκαίThe vision ends; Jesus alone remains, and the disciples — as at the confession — keep the silence the moment requires until after the resurrection.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: temporal 'when.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
γενέσθαιto comeAor Mid Infin · γίνομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveγίνομαι: 'come, occur.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveφωνή: 'voice.'
εὑρέθηwas foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)εὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjectiveμόνος: 'alone, only.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeemphatic subject pronounαὐτός: 'they (themselves).'
ἐσίγησανkept silentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σιγάωmain verb→ constative aoristσιγάω: 'be silent, keep quiet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδενὶto no oneDativeindirect objectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἀπήγγειλανthey reportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative modifying ἡμέραιςἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐν (time)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of ἀπήγγειλανοὐδείς: 'nothing.'
ὧνof whatGenitiverelative pronoun (attracted to gen.)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ἑώρακανthey had seenPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause→ perfect of abiding resultὁράω: 'see.'
37

Ἐγένετο δὲ τῇ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ κατελθόντων αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄρους συνήντησεν αὐτῷ ὄχλος πολύς.

Now it happened, on the next day, when they had come down from the mountain, a large crowd met him.

Scene opening (descent)δέThe descent from glory to the needy crowd sets the contrast that frames the healing below.
Ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle
ἑξῆςnextadverb modifying ἡμέρᾳἑξῆς: 'next, following.'
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time whenἡμέρα: 'day.'
κατελθόντωνhaving come downAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · κατέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent actionκατέρχομαι: 'come down, descend.'
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὄρουςmountainGenitiveobject of ἀπόὄρος: 'mountain.'
συνήντησενmetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συναντάωmain verb→ constative aoristσυναντάω: 'meet, encounter.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of συναντάω
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
πολύςlargeNominativeattributive adj. modifying ὄχλοςπολύς: 'much, great, large.'
38

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχλου ἐβόησεν λέγων· Διδάσκαλε, δέομαί σου ἐπιβλέψαι ἐπὶ τὸν υἱόν μου, ὅτι μονογενής μοί ἐστιν,

And behold, a man from the crowd cried out, saying, "Teacher, I beg you to look upon my son, for he is my only child;

The father's pleaκαίThe 'only son' (μονογενής) echoes Luke's other only children raised or healed (7:12; 8:42); the father's faith is real but stretched.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold.'
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἀπόὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἐβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb→ constative aoristβοάω: 'cry out, shout.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ ongoing actionλέγω: 'say.'
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher.'
δέομαίI begPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ stative presentδέομαι: 'beg, beseech, ask.'
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of δέομαισύ: 'you.'
ἐπιβλέψαιto lookAor Act Infin · ἐπιβλέπωinfinitive of the request→ infinitive of objectἐπιβλέπω: 'look upon, regard.'
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusativeἐπί: 'upon.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱόνsonAccusativeobject of ἐπίυἱός: 'son.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
μονογενήςonly childNominativepredicate adjectiveμονογενής: 'only, only-begotten.'
μοίto meDativedative of possessionἐγώ: 'me.'
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
39

καὶ ἰδοὺ πνεῦμα λαμβάνει αὐτόν, καὶ ἐξαίφνης κράζει, καὶ σπαράσσει αὐτὸν μετὰ ἀφροῦ καὶ μόγις ἀποχωρεῖ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ συντρῖβον αὐτόν·

and behold, a spirit seizes him, and suddenly it cries out, and it convulses him with foaming, and it scarcely departs from him, mauling him;

Description of the afflictionκαίThe vivid present tenses dramatize the recurring, violent torment, heightening the helplessness the disciples could not relieve.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold.'
πνεῦμαa spiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here an unclean spirit.
λαμβάνειseizesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ iterative/vivid presentλαμβάνω: 'take, seize.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyadverb of mannerἐξαίφνης: 'suddenly.'
κράζειit cries outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κράζωmain verb→ vivid presentκράζω: 'cry out, scream.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σπαράσσειconvulsesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · σπαράσσωmain verb→ vivid presentσπαράσσω: 'convulse, throw into spasms.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
μετὰwithpreposition + genitiveμετά: with gen., 'with.'
ἀφροῦfoamingGenitiveobject of μετάἀφρός: 'foam.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μόγιςscarcelyadverb of mannerμόγις: 'scarcely, with difficulty.'
ἀποχωρεῖdepartsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποχωρέωmain verb→ vivid presentἀποχωρέω: 'depart, withdraw.'
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
συντρῖβονmaulingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · συντρίβωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ ongoing actionσυντρίβω: 'crush, shatter, bruise.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of the participle
40

καὶ ἐδεήθην τῶν μαθητῶν σου ἵνα ἐκβάλωσιν αὐτό, καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν.

and I begged your disciples to cast it out, and they could not."

The disciples' failureκαίThe disciples who were given authority over demons (v.1) here fail, exposing the gap between commission and dependence that prompts Jesus' lament.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδεήθηνI beggedAor Pass Indic 1 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδέομαι: 'beg, entreat.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitivegenitive object of ἐδεήθηνμαθητής: 'disciple.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ: 'your.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing object clauseἵνα: introduces the content of the request.
ἐκβάλωσινthey might cast outAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωverb of the ἵνα clause→ subjunctive of objectἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out.'
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative with the verbοὐ: 'not.'
ἠδυνήθησανthey couldAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb→ constative aoristδύναμαι: 'be able.'
41

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Ὦ γενεὰ ἄπιστος καὶ διεστραμμένη, ἕως πότε ἔσομαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ ἀνέξομαι ὑμῶν; προσάγαγε ὧδε τὸν υἱόν σου.

And Jesus answered, "O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you and bear with you? Bring your son here."

Jesus' lament and commandδέThe lament echoes Moses' words over Israel (Deut 32:5, 20); the unbelief is the disciples' and the crowd's, not the father's, and Jesus' command turns from rebuke to rescue.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (pleonastic)→ antecedent actionἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Ointerjection with vocativeὦ: exclamatory particle.
γενεὰgenerationVocativevocative of addressγενεά: 'generation, race.'
ἄπιστοςfaithlessVocativeattributive adj. with γενεάἄπιστος: 'unbelieving, faithless.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διεστραμμένηperversePerf Pass Ptc · Voc Sg Fem · διαστρέφωattributive participle with γενεά→ perfect-of-stateδιαστρέφω: 'twist, pervert, distort.'
ἕωςuntilpreposition with πότεἕως: with πότε, 'how long.'
πότεwheninterrogative adverbπότε: 'when?'
ἔσομαιshall I beFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of question→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusativeπρός: here 'with, in the company of.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρόςσύ: 'you' (pl.).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέξομαιbear withFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀνέχομαιmain verb of question→ predictive futureἀνέχομαι: 'bear with, endure, put up with.'
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀνέχομαισύ: 'you' (pl.).
προσάγαγεbringAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προσάγωimperative→ aorist imperativeπροσάγω: 'bring to, lead forward.'
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱόνsonAccusativedirect objectυἱός: 'son.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ: 'your.'
42

ἔτι δὲ προσερχομένου αὐτοῦ ἔρρηξεν αὐτὸν τὸ δαιμόνιον καὶ συνεσπάραξεν· ἐπετίμησεν δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαθάρτῳ, καὶ ἰάσατο τὸν παῖδα καὶ ἀπέδωκεν αὐτὸν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ.

And while he was still coming, the demon threw him down and convulsed him; but Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit and healed the boy and gave him back to his father.

The exorcism and healingδέA last violent assault gives way to a single word of authority; 'gave him back to his father' (cf. 7:15) marks the restoration.
ἔτιstilladverb of timeἔτι: 'still, yet.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
προσερχομένουcomingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ contemporaneous actionπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute
ἔρρηξενthrew downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥήγνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristῥήγνυμι: 'break, dash down, throw into convulsions.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τὸtheNominativearticle
δαιμόνιονdemonNominativesubjectδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνεσπάραξενconvulsedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συσπαράσσωmain verb→ constative aoristσυσπαράσσω: 'convulse violently.'
ἐπετίμησενrebukedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, command sternly.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
τῷtheDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedative object of ἐπετίμησενπνεῦμα: 'spirit.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ἀκαθάρτῳuncleanDativeattributive adj. modifying πνεύματιἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰάσατοhealedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἰάομαι: 'heal.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
παῖδαboyAccusativedirect objectπαῖς: 'child, boy, servant.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπέδωκενgave backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, restore.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τῷtheDativearticle
πατρὶfatherDativeindirect objectπατήρ: 'father.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
43

ἐξεπλήσσοντο δὲ πάντες ἐπὶ τῇ μεγαλειότητι τοῦ θεοῦ. Πάντων δὲ θαυμαζόντων ἐπὶ πᾶσιν οἷς ἐποίει εἶπεν πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ·

And they were all astonished at the majesty of God. But while everyone was marveling at all the things he was doing, he said to his disciples,

Crowd's amazement + transitionδέThe first sentence closes the exorcism (43a); the second (43b) pivots from the crowd's marveling to the second passion prediction, deliberately cutting popularity with the cross.
ἐξεπλήσσοντοwere astonishedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπλήσσωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐκπλήσσω: 'astound, amaze.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πάντεςallNominativesubjectπᾶς: 'all.'
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause)ἐπί: here causal, 'at.'
τῇtheDativearticle
μεγαλειότητιmajestyDativeobject of ἐπίμεγαλειότης: 'majesty, greatness.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθεός: 'God.'
ΠάντωνeveryoneGenitivegenitive subject of the absoluteπᾶς: 'all, everyone.'
δὲbutcontinuative conjunction
θαυμαζόντωνmarvelingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · θαυμάζωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ contemporaneous actionθαυμάζω: 'marvel, wonder.'
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause)ἐπί: causal.
πᾶσινallDativeobject of ἐπίπᾶς: 'all.'
οἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun (attracted to dat.)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐποίειhe was doingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ durative imperfectποιέω: 'do, make.'
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
44

Θέσθε ὑμεῖς εἰς τὰ ὦτα ὑμῶν τοὺς λόγους τούτους· ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέλλει παραδίδοσθαι εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων.

"Let these words sink into your ears: the Son of Man is about to be delivered into the hands of men."

Second passion predictionasyndetonAgainst the crowd's wonder, Jesus presses the coming betrayal; 'into the hands of men' is the second, blunter passion saying.
ΘέσθεputAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · τίθημιimperative→ aorist imperativeτίθημι: 'put, place'; mid. 'lay up for yourselves.'
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounὑμεῖς: 'you'; emphatic against the marveling crowd.
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ὦταearsAccusativeobject of εἰςοὖς: 'ear.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of Θέσθελόγος: 'word, saying.'
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative modifying λόγουςοὗτος: 'this.'
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive in title 'Son of Man'ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the title.
μέλλειis aboutPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb→ imminent futureμέλλω: 'be about to.'
παραδίδοσθαιto be deliveredPres Pass Infin · παραδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, betray, deliver.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰςχείρ: 'hand.'
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveἄνθρωπος: 'man.'
45

οἱ δὲ ἠγνόουν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο, καὶ ἦν παρακεκαλυμμένον ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἵνα μὴ αἴσθωνται αὐτό, καὶ ἐφοβοῦντο ἐρωτῆσαι αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ ῥήματος τούτου.

But they did not understand this saying, and it was concealed from them so that they might not perceive it, and they were afraid to ask him about this saying.

The disciples' incomprehensionδέA divine veiling (passive) accompanies their failure to grasp the passion; their fear to ask measures the gap that only the resurrection will close.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἠγνόουνdid not understandImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγνοέωmain verb→ durative imperfectἀγνοέω: 'not know, fail to understand.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ῥῆμαsayingAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word, saying.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative modifying ῥῆμαοὗτος: 'this.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
παρακεκαλυμμένονconcealedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · παρακαλύπτωperiphrastic participle (with ἦν)→ perfect-of-state (divine passive)παρακαλύπτω: 'conceal, veil, hide.'
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
ἵναso thatpurpose/result conjunctionἵνα: introduces purpose/result.
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negative.
αἴσθωνταιperceiveAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · αἰσθάνομαιverb of the ἵνα clause→ subjunctive of purposeαἰσθάνομαι: 'perceive, understand.'
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐφοβοῦντοthey were afraidImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
ἐρωτῆσαιto askAor Act Infin · ἐρωτάωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveἐρωτάω: 'ask, question.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐρωτῆσαι
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί: 'concerning.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ῥήματοςsayingGenitiveobject of περίῥῆμα: 'saying.'
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative modifying ῥήματοςοὗτος: 'this.'
46

Εἰσῆλθεν δὲ διαλογισμὸς ἐν αὐτοῖς, τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων αὐτῶν.

Now an argument arose among them as to which of them might be greatest.

Scene opening (dispute)δέSet jarringly beside the passion saying: as Jesus speaks of being handed over, the disciples grasp at rank.
ΕἰσῆλθενaroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; here 'a dispute entered/arose.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
διαλογισμὸςan argumentNominativesubjectδιαλογισμός: 'reasoning, dispute, argument.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν: 'among.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν
τὸtheNominativearticle nominalizing the question
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς: 'who?'
ἂν-modal particle (potential optative)ἄν: with optative, potential.
εἴηmight bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίpotential optative (indirect question)→ potential optativeεἰμί: 'be.'
μείζωνgreaterNominativepredicate comparative adjectiveμέγας: comparative μείζων, 'greater.'
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
47

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἰδὼς τὸν διαλογισμὸν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν ἐπιλαβόμενος παιδίον ἔστησεν αὐτὸ παρ' ἑαυτῷ,

But Jesus, knowing the argument of their hearts, took a child and set it beside himself,

Jesus' enacted answerδέKnowing their inward reasoning, Jesus answers with a sign: a child — the lowest in status — placed at his own side.
Nominativearticle with proper name
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαcausal/circumstantial participle→ perfect-of-state (present sense)οἶδα: 'know.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
διαλογισμὸνargumentAccusativeobject of εἰδώςδιαλογισμός: 'reasoning, thought.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive of sourceκαρδία: 'heart, inner self.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπιλαβόμενοςtakingAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'take hold of.'
παιδίονa childAccusativeobject of the participleπαιδίον: 'little child.'
ἔστησενsetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (transitive)→ constative aoristἵστημι: trans. 'cause to stand, set.'
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object
παρ'besidepreposition + dativeπαρά: with dat., 'beside.'
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativereflexive object of παράἑαυτοῦ: 'himself.'
48

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ὃς ἐὰν δέξηται τοῦτο τὸ παιδίον ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου ἐμὲ δέχεται, καὶ ὃς ἂν ἐμὲ δέξηται δέχεται τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με· ὁ γὰρ μικρότερος ἐν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν ὑπάρχων οὗτός ἐστιν μέγας.

and said to them, "Whoever receives this child in my name receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me; for the one who is least among you all, this one is great."

Saying on true greatnessκαίA chain of representation (child–Jesus–the Father) overturns the rank-question: greatness lies in welcoming the lowly, and the least is in truth the great one.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὋςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite), subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐὰν-everparticle (with subjunctive)ἐάν: generalizing (= ἄν here).
δέξηταιreceivesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · δέχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative modifying παιδίονοὗτος: 'this.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect object of δέξηταιπαιδίον: 'little child.'
ἐπὶinpreposition + dativeἐπί: here 'on the basis of, in.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativeobject of ἐπίὄνομα: 'name.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐμὲmeAccusativedirect object of δέχεταιἐγώ: 'me' (emphatic).
δέχεταιreceivesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιapodosis (main verb)→ gnomic presentδέχομαι: 'receive.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite), subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
ἂν-evermodal particleἄν: generalizing.
ἐμὲmeAccusativeobject of δέξηταιἐγώ: 'me.'
δέξηταιreceivesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · δέχομαιverb of indefinite relative clause→ subjunctive of contingencyδέχομαι: 'receive.'
δέχεταιreceivesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιapodosis (main verb)→ gnomic presentδέχομαι: 'receive.'
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (attributive participle)
ἀποστείλαντάhaving sentAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωsubstantival participle, object of δέχεται→ antecedent actionἀποστέλλω: 'send'; the Father who sent the Son.
μεmeAccusativeobject of the participleἐγώ: 'me.'
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
μικρότεροςleastNominativesubstantival comparative (for superlative)μικρός: comparative μικρότερος, 'lesser, least.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν: 'among.'
πᾶσινallDativeadjective modifying ὑμῖνπᾶς: 'all.'
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐνσύ: 'you' (pl.).
ὑπάρχωνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὑπάρχωsubstantival/circumstantial participle→ ongoing stateὑπάρχω: 'be, exist, be present.'
οὗτόςthis oneNominativeresumptive subjectοὗτος: 'this one.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
μέγαςgreatNominativepredicate adjectiveμέγας: 'great.'
49

Ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ἰωάννης εἶπεν· Ἐπιστάτα, εἴδομέν τινα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί σου ἐκβάλλοντα δαιμόνια, καὶ ἐκωλύομεν αὐτὸν ὅτι οὐκ ἀκολουθεῖ μεθ' ἡμῶν.

And John answered, "Master, we saw someone casting out demons in your name, and we tried to stop him, because he does not follow with us."

John's reportδέFollowing the lesson on receiving the lowly, John exposes the opposite impulse — exclusivism that would forbid an outsider doing good in Jesus' name.
ἈποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (pleonastic)→ antecedent actionἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης: John son of Zebedee.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἘπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: 'master.'
εἴδομένwe sawAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
τιναsomeoneAccusativedirect objectτις: 'someone.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativeobject of ἐνὄνομα: 'name.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ: 'your.'
ἐκβάλλονταcasting outPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἐκβάλλωsupplementary participle with εἴδομεν→ ongoing actionἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of the participleδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκωλύομενwe tried to stopImpf Act Indic 1 Pl · κωλύωmain verb→ conative imperfectκωλύω: 'hinder, forbid, prevent.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
οὐκnotnegative with the verbοὐ: 'not.'
ἀκολουθεῖhe followsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωverb of causal clause→ descriptive presentἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
μεθ'withpreposition + genitiveμετά: with gen., 'with.'
ἡμῶνusGenitiveobject of μετάἐγώ: 'us.'
50

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Μὴ κωλύετε· ὃς γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν καθ' ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐστιν.

But Jesus said to him, "Do not forbid him; for whoever is not against you is for you."

Jesus' correctionδέA maxim of generous inclusion: anyone not opposing the disciples' Lord is on their side — the converse of the warning at 11:23.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
Μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή: prohibitive negative.
κωλύετεforbidPres Act Impv 2 Pl · κωλύωprohibitive imperative→ cease/ongoing prohibitionκωλύω: 'hinder, forbid.'
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun, subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
οὐκnotnegative with ἔστινοὐ: 'not.'
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
καθ'againstpreposition + genitiveκατά: with gen., 'against.'
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of κατάσύ: 'you' (pl.).
ὑπὲρforpreposition + genitiveὑπέρ: with gen., 'for, on behalf of.'
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρσύ: 'you' (pl.).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
51

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ἀναλήμψεως αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς τὸ πρόσωπον ἐστήρισεν τοῦ πορεύεσθαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ.

Now it happened, as the days of his being taken up were drawing to a close, that he set his face to go to Jerusalem.

Travel narrative openingδέThe great hinge of Luke's Gospel: the resolute setting of the face (an OT idiom for prophetic determination, Isa 50:7) inaugurates the journey to the cross and ascension at Jerusalem.
Ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular infinitive)ἐν: temporal 'as.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
συμπληροῦσθαιto be fulfilledPres Pass Infin · συμπληρόωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ temporal infinitiveσυμπληρόω: 'fulfill, complete, draw to a close.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveἡμέρα: 'day.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀναλήμψεωςtaking upGenitivegenitive (the days of his ascension)ἀνάλημψις: 'taking up'; Jesus' ascension/exaltation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶthatconjunction introducing the main clause (Semitic)καί: apodotic, after the temporal clause.
αὐτὸςheNominativeemphatic subject pronounαὐτός: 'he himself.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of ἐστήρισενπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'set the face' = resolve firmly.
ἐστήρισενhe setAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στηρίζωmain verb→ constative aoristστηρίζω: 'fix, set firmly, establish.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive (purpose)
πορεύεσθαιto goPres Mid Infin · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰς (place); indeclinable formἸερουσαλήμ: 'Jerusalem.'
52

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ. καὶ πορευθέντες εἰσῆλθον εἰς κώμην Σαμαριτῶν, ὡς ἑτοιμάσαι αὐτῷ·

And he sent messengers ahead of him. And going, they entered a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him;

Advance preparationκαίThe direct route to Jerusalem ran through Samaria; the advance party seeks hospitality the Samaritans will refuse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send.'
ἀγγέλουςmessengersAccusativedirect objectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; here human messengers.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitiveπρό: 'before.'
προσώπουfaceGenitiveobject of πρό (idiom 'ahead of')πρόσωπον: 'face'; πρὸ προσώπου = 'ahead of.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionπορεύομαι: 'go.'
εἰσῆλθονthey enteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
κώμηνa villageAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: 'village.'
Σαμαριτῶνof SamaritansGenitivegenitive (a village of Samaritans)Σαμαρίτης: 'Samaritan.'
ὡςso asconjunction of purpose (with infinitive)ὡς: here with infinitive, 'so as to.'
ἑτοιμάσαιto prepareAor Act Infin · ἑτοιμάζωinfinitive of purpose→ infinitive of purposeἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare, make ready.'
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage
53

καὶ οὐκ ἐδέξαντο αὐτόν, ὅτι τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ἦν πορευόμενον εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ.

and they did not receive him, because his face was set toward going to Jerusalem.

The refusalκαίThe Samaritans reject a pilgrim bound for the rival Jerusalem temple; the refusal tests how the disciples will answer hostility.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative with the verbοὐ: 'not.'
ἐδέξαντοthey receivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · δέχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
πρόσωπονfaceNominativesubjectπρόσωπον: 'face.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
πορευόμενονgoingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · πορεύομαιperiphrastic participle (with ἦν)→ ongoing actionπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰς (place); indeclinable formἸερουσαλήμ: 'Jerusalem.'
54

ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωάννης εἶπαν· Κύριε, θέλεις εἴπωμεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀναλῶσαι αὐτούς;

And when the disciples James and John saw it, they said, "Lord, do you want us to tell fire to come down from heaven and consume them?"

The brothers' proposalδέThe 'sons of thunder' would replay Elijah's fire on the soldiers (2 Kgs 1:10); their zeal mistakes the mission of the One who came to save.
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωtemporal participle→ antecedent actionὁράω: 'see.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
ἸάκωβοςJamesNominativeapposition to μαθηταίἸάκωβος: James son of Zebedee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativeapposition to μαθηταίἸωάννης: John son of Zebedee.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, master.'
θέλειςdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb of question→ stative presentθέλω: 'wish, want.'
εἴπωμενwe should tellAor Act Subj 1 Pl · λέγωdeliberative subjunctive (after θέλεις)→ deliberative subjunctiveλέγω: 'say, tell, command.'
πῦρfireAccusativeaccusative subject of καταβῆναιπῦρ: 'fire.'
καταβῆναιto come downAor Act Infin · καταβαίνωinfinitive in indirect command→ infinitive of indirect commandκαταβαίνω: 'come down, descend.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἀπόοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναλῶσαιto consumeAor Act Infin · ἀναλίσκωinfinitive in indirect command→ infinitive of indirect commandἀναλίσκω: 'consume, destroy.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἀναλῶσαι
55

στραφεὶς δὲ ἐπετίμησεν αὐτοῖς.

But turning, he rebuked them.

Jesus' rebukeδέJesus rebukes not the village but the disciples; their vindictive zeal, not the Samaritans' refusal, is the fault.
στραφεὶςturningAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · στρέφωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent actionστρέφω: 'turn, turn around.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἐπετίμησενhe rebukedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπετίμησεν
56

καὶ ἐπορεύθησαν εἰς ἑτέραν κώμην.

And they went on to another village.

Scene closingκαίNo fire, no delay: rejection is met simply by moving on, the journey to Jerusalem unbroken.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπορεύθησανthey wentAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
ἑτέρανanotherAccusativeadjective modifying κώμηνἕτερος: 'other, another.'
κώμηνvillageAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: 'village.'
57

Καὶ πορευομένων αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ εἶπέν τις πρὸς αὐτόν· Ἀκολουθήσω σοι ὅπου ἐὰν ἀπέρχῃ.

And as they were going along the road, someone said to him, "I will follow you wherever you go."

First would-be followerκαίThe first volunteer offers unconditional discipleship; Jesus' reply names the homelessness such following entails.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορευομένωνgoingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · πορεύομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ contemporaneous actionπορεύομαι: 'go.'
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive subject of the absolute
ἐνonpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in, on.'
τῇtheDativearticle
ὁδῷroadDativeobject of ἐνὁδός: 'way, road.'
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
τιςsomeoneNominativesubjectτις: 'someone.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ἈκολουθήσωI will followFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ volitive futureἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
σοιyouDativedative object of ἀκολουθήσωσύ: 'you.'
ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb of placeὅπου: 'where, wherever.'
ἐὰν-everparticle (with subjunctive)ἐάν: generalizing.
ἀπέρχῃyou goPres Mid Subj 2 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιverb of indefinite local clause→ subjunctive of contingencyἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
58

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Αἱ ἀλώπεκες φωλεοὺς ἔχουσιν καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατασκηνώσεις, ὁ δὲ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ.

And Jesus said to him, "The foxes have dens and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."

Reply: the cost of homelessnessκαίEven animals have shelter; the Son of Man on his way to the cross does not — discipleship shares his itinerant dispossession.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ΑἱtheNominativearticle
ἀλώπεκεςfoxesNominativesubjectἀλώπηξ: 'fox.'
φωλεοὺςdensAccusativedirect object of ἔχουσινφωλεός: 'den, lair, hole.'
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
πετεινὰbirdsNominativesubjectπετεινόν: 'bird.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦskyGenitivegenitive (birds of the sky)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
κατασκηνώσειςnestsAccusativedirect object (with implied ἔχουσιν)κατασκήνωσις: 'nest, roost, lodging-place.'
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive in title 'Son of Man'ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the title.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔχειοὐ: 'not.'
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have.'
ποῦwhereinterrogative/indefinite adverb of placeποῦ: 'where?'; here 'a place where.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeobject of κλίνῃκεφαλή: 'head.'
κλίνῃhe may layPres Act Subj 3 Sg · κλίνωdeliberative subjunctive (in indirect question)→ deliberative subjunctiveκλίνω: 'lay down, rest.'
59

Εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς ἕτερον· Ἀκολούθει μοι. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Κύριε, ἐπίτρεψόν μοι ἀπελθόντι πρῶτον θάψαι τὸν πατέρα μου.

And he said to another, "Follow me." But he said, "Lord, permit me first to go and bury my father."

Second would-be followerδέNow Jesus calls; the man's plea — a sacred filial duty — meets the kingdom's higher and more urgent claim.
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
ἕτερονanotherAccusativeobject of πρόςἕτερος: 'another.'
ἈκολούθειfollowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκολουθέωimperative→ ongoing imperativeἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
μοιmeDativedative object of ἀκολούθειἐγώ: 'me.'
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord.'
ἐπίτρεψόνpermitAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωimperative (request)→ aorist imperativeἐπιτρέπω: 'permit, allow.'
μοιmeDativedative object of ἐπίτρεψονἐγώ: 'me.'
ἀπελθόντιhaving goneAor Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial participle agreeing with μοι→ antecedent actionἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
πρῶτονfirstadverb of timeπρῶτον: 'first.'
θάψαιto buryAor Act Infin · θάπτωcomplementary infinitive (after ἐπίτρεψον)→ complementary infinitiveθάπτω: 'bury.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object of θάψαιπατήρ: 'father.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
60

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ· Ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκρούς, σὺ δὲ ἀπελθὼν διάγγελλε τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.

But he said to him, "Leave the dead to bury their own dead; but you, go and proclaim the kingdom of God."

Reply: the kingdom's urgencyδέThe paradoxical 'dead bury their dead' distinguishes the spiritually dead from kingdom-life; the call to proclaim outranks even the gravest social duty.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἌφεςleaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀφίημιimperative→ aorist imperativeἀφίημι: 'leave, let, permit.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
νεκροὺςdeadAccusativesubstantival adj., subject of θάψαινεκρός: 'dead'; here the spiritually dead.
θάψαιto buryAor Act Infin · θάπτωinfinitive complementing ἄφες→ infinitive of objectθάπτω: 'bury.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτῶνtheir ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitiveἑαυτοῦ: 'their own.'
νεκρούςdeadAccusativedirect object of θάψαινεκρός: 'dead'; here the physically dead.
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounσύ: 'you'; emphatic.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἀπελθὼνgoingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant)→ antecedent actionἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
διάγγελλεproclaimPres Act Impv 2 Sg · διαγγέλλωimperative (main command)→ ongoing imperativeδιαγγέλλω: 'proclaim far and wide, announce.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of διάγγελλεβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
61

Εἶπεν δὲ καὶ ἕτερος· Ἀκολουθήσω σοι, κύριε· πρῶτον δὲ ἐπίτρεψόν μοι ἀποτάξασθαι τοῖς εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου.

And another also said, "I will follow you, Lord; but first permit me to say farewell to those in my house."

Third would-be followerδέLike Elisha's request to Elijah (1 Kgs 19:20), the man would first take leave of home; but Jesus' call admits no backward glance.
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (adjunctive)καί: 'also, even.'
ἕτεροςanotherNominativesubjectἕτερος: 'another.'
ἈκολουθήσωI will followFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ volitive futureἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
σοιyouDativedative object of ἀκολουθήσωσύ: 'you.'
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord.'
πρῶτονfirstadverb of timeπρῶτον: 'first.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἐπίτρεψόνpermitAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωimperative (request)→ aorist imperativeἐπιτρέπω: 'permit.'
μοιmeDativedative object of ἐπίτρεψονἐγώ: 'me.'
ἀποτάξασθαιto say farewellAor Mid Infin · ἀποτάσσωcomplementary infinitive→ complementary infinitiveἀποτάσσω: mid. 'take leave of, say goodbye to.'
τοῖςthoseDativesubstantival article, object of ἀποτάξασθαι
εἰςinpreposition + accusativeεἰς: here 'in' (= ἐν).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, household.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
62

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Οὐδεὶς ἐπιβαλὼν τὴν χεῖρα ἐπ' ἄροτρον καὶ βλέπων εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω εὔθετός ἐστιν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

But Jesus said to him, "No one who puts his hand to the plow and looks back is fit for the kingdom of God."

Reply: undivided commitmentδέThe plowman who looks back furrows crookedly; discipleship requires forward, undivided commitment — a fitting close to the call that opens the journey to Jerusalem.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
Nominativearticle with proper name
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
Οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἐπιβαλὼνhaving putAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιβάλλωsubstantival/attributive participle modifying οὐδείς→ antecedent actionἐπιβάλλω: 'put upon, lay on.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativeobject of ἐπιβαλώνχείρ: 'hand.'
ἐπ'topreposition + accusativeἐπί: 'on, to.'
ἄροτρονplowAccusativeobject of ἐπίἄροτρον: 'plow.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βλέπωνlookingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βλέπωattributive participle modifying οὐδείς→ ongoing actionβλέπω: 'look, see.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to, at.'
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle substantizing ὀπίσω
ὀπίσωbehindadverb of place (substantized: 'the things behind')ὀπίσω: 'behind, back.'
εὔθετόςfitNominativepredicate adjectiveεὔθετος: 'fit, suitable, useful.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
τῇfor theDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedative of reference/advantageβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'